Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics 3rd Edition By Salkind - Test Bank

CHAPTER 3 Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability Part I. Multiple-Choice Questions (20 items) 1. The average and which of the following can be used to describe the characteristics of a distribution and show how distributions differ from one another? a. mode b. median c. variability d. sum Ans: c 2. Variability is a measure of how much each score in a group of scores differs from the what? a. mode b. median c. variability d. mean Ans: d 3. The three measures of variability commonly used to reflect the spread or dispersion in a group of scores are the standard deviation, the variance, and the what? a. range b. outliers c. skew d. percentile Ans: a 4. When subtracting the largest number in a distribution from the smallest, what type of variability is being calculated? a. outliers b. standard deviation c. variance d. range Ans: d 5. What is the term associated with scores that are at the extreme ends of the distribution? a. variability b. outliers c. skew d. percentile Ans: b 6. If a distribution is “significantly distorted” what is this called? a. variability b. outliers c. skew d. percentile Ans: c 7. In the formula for computing the range, what does the letter “h” represent? a. summation b. sample size c. lowest score d. highest score Ans: d 8. In the formula for computing the standard deviation, what does the Greek letter “” represent? a. summation b. sample size c. mean value of the group d. individual scores Ans: a 9. In the formula for computing the variance, what does the letter “n” represent? a. summation b. sample size c. mean value of the group d. individual scores Ans: b 10. When calculating the standard deviation, what must be done in order to obtain an unbiased estimate of the population? a. subtract 1 from X b. subtract 1 from N c. subtract 1 from n d. add 1 to n Ans: c 11. Which of the following sets of scores has the most variability? a. 7,10,11,15,19 b. 7,7,8,8,10,11 c. 7,7,7,7,7,7,7 d. 6,6,7,7,7,7,7 Ans: a 12. What is the most general measure of variability? a. standard deviation b. range c. mean d. variance Ans: b 13. What is the formula for the exclusive range? a. r – n +1 b. h – l + 1 c. (h – l)r d. h – l Ans: d 14. What is the formula for the inclusive range? a. r – n +1 b. h – l + 1 c. (h – l)r d. h – l Ans: b 15. Which of the following is the correct function for calculating an unbiased estimate of the variance in the population? a. AVERAGE(A1:A15) b. STDEV(A1+A2+A3)/3 c. VAR(A1:A12) d. STDEV(A1:A10) Ans: d 16. What will the sum of the deviations from the mean always equal? a. n – 1 b. 0 c. 1 d. n + 1 Ans: b 17. What is obtained by squaring the standard deviation? a. mean deviation b. range c. variance d. squared deviation Ans: c 18. Which of the following is one way to represent variance? a. s b. s2 c. √s d. s/n Ans: b 19. What is the most frequently used measure of variability? a. mean deviation b. range c. variance d. standard deviation Ans: d 20. If you intend to use a sample as an estimate of a population parameter, which standard deviation is the best to calculate? a. biased b. unbiased c. squared deviation d. mean deviation Ans: b Part II. Short-Answer Questions (10 items) 1. What are the measures of variability discussed in the textbook? Ans: Range, standard deviation, variance 2. What is the formula for computing both the exclusive and inclusive ranges? Ans: Exclusive range: r = h – l; Inclusive range: r = h – l + 1 3. What is the formula for the standard deviation? Ans: 4. How would you go about computing the variance for a set of scores? Ans: You could just square the standard deviation . . . or you could use the standard deviation formula and skip the last step, which requires taking the square root. 5. Explain why the standard deviation is referred to as an unbiased estimate. Why are unbiased estimates important to researchers? Ans: Because n – 1 is used in the denominator, we call the SD an unbiased estimate of the population’s SD. By artificially inflating the SD, researchers are conservative in their estimate of the population SD. 6. Write out the two Excel formulas for computing the standard deviation and the variance. Ans: VAR(A1:A12) STDEV(A1:A10) 7. What is the range of the following set of scores? 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12 Ans: The range is 9 8. What is the s of the following set of scores? 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12 Ans: The standard deviation is 3.6 9.What is the s2 of the following set of scores? 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12 Ans: The variance is 11.29 10. What is the s2 of the following set of scores? 20, 24, 26, 22, 18, 16, 18 Ans: The variance is 12.95 CHAPTER 7 Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions Part I. Multiple-Choice Questions (20 items) 1. What does your research question help to guide? a. Hypothesis b. Relationship c. Sampling error d. Average score Ans: a 2. What does a hypothesis help you determine? a. Techniques to be used b. Research question c. Average score d. Sampling error Ans: a 3. Which of the following refers to the group to which you wish to generalize your results? a. Sample b. Population c. Sampling error d. General group Ans: b 4. What does “generalizability” mean? a. Results may be applied to the populations studied b. Results may apply only to the sample studied c. Sampling error is high d. Sample does not represent the population Ans: a 5. The group from which you actually collect data for your study is known as the __________. a. sample b. population c. sampling error d. general group Ans: a 6. Which of the following provides a measure of how well your sample approximates the population? a. Generalizability b. Population c. Sampling error d. Hypothesis Ans: c 7. In order to help ensure generalizability, which of the following should be true about your sample? a. It is large b. It is small c. It is representative d. It is nonrepresentative Ans: c 8. Which of the following represents a null hypothesis? a. H1: 1 > 2 b. H0: 1 = 2 c. H1: 1 ≠ 2 d. H0: 1 > 2 Ans: b 9. Which of the following represents a directional research hypothesis? a. H1: 1 > 2 b. H0: 1 = 2 c. H1: 1 ≠ 2 d. H0: 1 > 2 Ans: a 10. Which of the following represents a nondirectional research hypothesis? a. H1: 1 > 2 b. H0: 1 = 2 c. H1: 1 ≠ 2 d. H0: 1 > 2 Ans: c 11. What test would you want to use to test a nondirectional research hypothesis? a. One-tailed test b. Two-tailed test c. Nonparametric test d. Frequency test Ans: b 12. What test would you want to use to test a directional research hypothesis? a. One-tailed test b. Two-tailed test c. Nonparametric test d. Frequency test Ans: a 13. What type of hypothesis shows no relationship between the variables in your study? a. Directional hypothesis b. Nondirectional hypothesis c. Research hypothesis d. Null hypothesis Ans: d 14. What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups, but the difference is not specified? a. Directional hypothesis b. Nondirectional hypothesis c. Research hypothesis d. Null hypothesis Ans: b 15. What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups where the difference is specified? a. Directional hypothesis b. Nondirectional hypothesis c. Research hypothesis d. Null hypothesis Ans: a 16. Which of the following symbols represents the null hypothesis? a. H1 b. 1 c. 1 d. H0 Ans: d 17. Which of the following symbols represents the first research hypothesis? a. H1 b. 1 c. 1 d. H0 Ans: a 18. Which of the following symbols represents the theoretical average of the population for Group 1? a. H1 b. 1 c. 1 d. H0 Ans: b 19. Which of the following symbols represents the average score of Group 1? a. H1 b. 1 c. 1 d. H0 Ans: c 20. Which of the following symbols would be used in a nondirectional hypothesis? a. < b. = c. > d. ≠ Ans: d Part II. Short-Answer Questions (10 items) 1. What is a hypothesis? Ans: An “educated guess” that translates a problem statement into a testable form. 2. Explain the difference between the null hypothesis and a research hypothesis. Ans: The null hypothesis is a statement of equality meaning no difference exists in the population. The research hypothesis is a definite statement that a relationship does exist. 3. What are the different types of research hypotheses? What are they testing? Ans: A nondirectional hypothesis states that a difference between groups exists, but the direction of the relationship is not specified. A directional hypothesis states that a difference between groups exists, and the direction of that difference is specified. 4. When might you use a one-tailed test, and when would you want to use a two-tailed test? Ans: One-tailed tests are used to test directional hypotheses. Two-tailed tests are used to test nondirectional hypotheses. 5. Using the symbols from the text, write a directional research hypothesis equation where 9th graders are hypothesized to score better 12th graders. Ans: H1: 9 > 12 6. If the null hypothesis states that there will be no difference in the average score of 9th graders and the average score of 12th graders on the ABC memory test, how should you state the nondirectional research hypothesis? Ans: The nondirectional research hypothesis should state that twelfth graders and 9th graders WILL differ on the ABC memory test. 7. What are the basic criteria for judging the quality of hypotheses? Ans: A good hypothesis should be stated in declarative form, posit a relationship between variables, reflect a theory or a body of literature on which they are based, be brief and to the point, and be testable. 8. What is the sampling error? What does a high sampling error indicate? Ans: Sampling error is a measure of how well a sample approximates the characteristics of a population. It is basically the difference between the values of the sample statistic and the population parameter. The higher the sampling error, the less precision one has in sampling and the more difficult it will be to make the case that what you find in the sample indeed reflects what you expect to find in the population. 9. What does the null hypothesis always refer to? What does the research hypothesis always refer to? Ans: The null hypothesis always refers to the population, whereas the research hypothesis always refers to the sample. 10. Explain what is meant by the fishing trip approach to doing research. Ans: The fishing trip approach is where you throw out your line and take anything that bites. You collect data on as many things as you can, regardless of your interest or even whether collecting the data is a reasonable part of a scientific investigation. Test Banks and Questions Statistics Test Bank Questions and Answers: A treasure trove of practice questions. 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