Community As Partner Theory And Practice in Nursing 6th edition by Anderson - Test Bank

Name: __________________________ Date: _____________ A) B) C) D) A) B) C) D) A) B) C) D) A) B) C) D) 1. The concept of prevention is a key component of modern community health practice. Which of the following is an example of primary prevention? Immunization clinic for seasonal influenza Blood pressure screening for hypertension Audiometric testing for hearing impairment Skin test for tuberculosis 2. The concept of prevention is a key component of modern community health practice. Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention? Wearing of protective devices to prevent injury Phenylalanine testing for phenylketonuria in infancy Physical therapy for stroke victims Exercise programs for heart attack victims 3. The concept of prevention is a key component of modern community health practice. What is the goal of tertiary prevention? General health promotion, such as nutrition, hygiene, exercise, and environmental protection Specific health promotion, such as immunizations and the wearing of protective devices to prevent injuries Detect and treat a problem at the earliest possible stage when disease or impairment already exists Limit disability and rehabilitate or restore affected people to their maximum possible capacities 4. Use of the epidemiologic process can significantly enhance community health practice, providing both a body of knowledge and a methodology for investigating health problems and evaluating health services. What is descriptive epidemiology? It focuses on the distribution of frequencies and patterns of health events with groups in a population. It is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to improve health. It is people with a common characteristic, such as gender, age, and place of residence. It seeks to identify associations between a particular disease or health problem and its etiology. 5. Epidemiology and demography are sciences for studying population health. What Page 1 is demography? A) Statistical study of human populations with reference to size and density, distribution, and vital statistics B) Information about significant characteristics of a population that influence community needs and the delivery of health care services C) Descriptions and comparisons of populations according to the characteristics of age; race; sex; socioeconomic status; geographic distribution; and birth, death, marriage, and divorce patterns D) Health implications that may or may not be addressed by the investigators. 6. There are several commonly used rates when applying epidemiology and demography to the practice of community health. What is the prevalence rate? A) (Number of new cases of specified health condition during time interval/Estimated midinterval population at risk)  1,000 B) (Number of current cases of a specified health condition at a given point in time/Estimated population at risk at same point)  1,000 C) (Number of deaths of infants aged < 1 year during time interval/Total live births during time interval)  1,000 D) (Number of deaths from puerperal cases during 1 year/Number of live births during same year)  100,000 7. To be valid, a screening test must distinguish correctly between those people who have the condition and those who do not. This ability to distinguish is measured by the test's sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity and specificity of a screening test are important. What is specificity of a screening test? A) True positives/Total diseased B) True negatives/Total not diseased C) False negatives/Total diseased or 1 – Sensitivity D) False positives/Total not diseased or 1 – Specificity 8. How does the web of causation view a health condition? A) The result of individual factors B) Complex interrelationships of numerous factors interacting to increase the risk of disease only C) Complex interrelationships of numerous factors interacting to decrease the risk of disease only D) Complex interrelationships of numerous factors interacting to increase or decrease the risk of disease 9. What is proportionate mortality rate? A) (Number of deaths due to a specific cause/Total number of deaths from all cases)  100 Page 2 B) (Number of deaths of infants aged < 1 year during time interval/Total live births during time interval)  1000 C) (Number of deaths from puerperal cases during 1 year/Number of live births during same year)  100,000 D) (Number of live births during a time interval/Estimated midinterval population)  1000 10. In epidemiologic studies, data and statistics make comparison possible among populations. Which is an example of proportion? A) B) C) D) A) B) C) D) 2,000 motorcycle fatalities, 1,900 are male and 100 are female. The number of males compared to number of females (1900/100 or 19 males to 1 female). 2,000 motorcycle fatalities, 1,900 are male and 100 are female; the percentage of males to females would be 1,900/2,000 multiplied by 100, which equals 95%. Crude death rates for heart disease in Florida and Texas were 288.0 and 190.0 per 100,000 persons, respectively. 20,000 people experience seasonal influenza/the total population of New York State residents less than 20 years of age  100,000. 11. Rates enable researchers to compare different populations in terms of health problems or conditions. What time frame are the majority of rates based upon? Day Week Month Year 12. Rates enable researchers to compare different populations in terms of health problems or conditions. What is an adjusted rate? A) Computed for a population as a whole B) Rates related to demographic factors C) (Number of people who experience a condition/population at risk experiencing a condition)  1000 D) Summary measure in which statistical procedures remove the effect of differences in the composition of the various populations 13. To investigate potential relationships between health conditions and other factors, analytic measures of community health are required. What is relative risk? A) Incidence among those exposed/incidence rate among those not exposed B) Odds of having the condition when the suspected factor is present/odds of having the condition when not exposed to the factor C) Measures the difference between the incidence rates for those exposed and those not exposed to the risk factor D) Identifies whether those in the exposed group will develop the disease or condition Page 3 when compared with those not exposed 14. To investigate potential relationships between health conditions and other factors, analytic measures of community health are required. Which is an example of an external relative risk factor? A) Age B) Exercise C) Gender D) Race 15. Investigations of population health generally examine relationships or associations between variables. What is a dependent variable? A) Constant characteristics or phenomena and the health conditions being studied B) Control group and comparison group of the research study C) Outcome or result that the investigator is studying which can change D) Presumed cause of or contributor to variation in the variable 16. An association may meet all the criteria for causation and later be shown to be false or factitious because of factors that were not known at the time the study was done. Investigators must interpret results with great caution; they rarely consider a cause “proven.” Which is a widely used criterion for evaluating causation? A) Association is not strong. B) Association is not specific. C) Association is temporally correct. D) Association is the result of a confounding variable. 17. Interpreting and using data from various sources is essential to being an effective community health practitioner. What is the most comprehensive source of health- related data for the United States? A) Census data B) Notifiable disease reports C) Surveillance data D) Vital statistics 18. Medical and hospital records provide valuable information for community health research. These records, however, do not provide a completely representative or valid picture of community health. Berkson's bias creates the likelihood of finding a false association between how many illnesses? A) Two B) Three Page 4 C) Four D) Five 19. The epidemiologic triangle is a traditional view of health and disease, developed when epidemiology was concerned chiefly with communicable disease. The model is applicable to other health conditions. In this model, what is the organism capable of causing disease? A) Agent B) Environment C) Factor D) Host 20. The person–place–time model examines the characteristics of the people affected, place or location, and the time period involved. In studying infant mortality, what is considered an example of the person in the model? A) Rural community B) Urban community C) Infant and maternal factors D) Trends in mortality Page 5 Answer Key 1. A 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. D 9. A 10. B 11. D 12. D 13. A 14. B 15. C 16. C 17. A 18. A 19. A 20. C Page 6 Name: __________________________ Date: _____________ A) B) C) D) A) B) C) D) A) B) C) D) A) B) C) D) A) B) C) D) 1. Nurses have had a rich practice in the community transforming both individual and public health for the poor and disenfranchised through political advocacy. What year did the term public health nurse get coined? 1891 1893 1901 1903 2. The process by which nurses develop healing or caring relationships in the community reflects interactions among the four major constructs of the nursing paradigm. What are the four major constructs of the nursing paradigm? Health, environment, client, and nurse Client, community outreach center, nursing, health and illness Society, medicine, nursing, and interactions among individuals Psychosocial development, discipline, nursing, and client 3. Partnerships between community members and health care professionals are critical for what type of decisions that promote awareness and understanding of a community's health needs? Independent Dependent Collaborative Autonomous 4. Who has long been at the forefront of integrating health resources by forming partnerships with clients, families, and communities? Physicians Nurse practitioners Social workers Nurses 5. Participation is a crucial element to develop agendas that serve as a cohesive force to mobilize the community toward a process of change. Whose participation is a crucial element in developing the agenda? Community medical director Academic experts Individual patient Community members Page 1 6. Our historical focus of nursing in the community has been replaced by site managed care systems. Which best describes a site managed care system? A) Hospitals B) Home health care by nurses C) Primary care clinic and care in individual homes D) Hospitals and primary care clinics 7. Our challenge as community health nurses is to transform our health care system into one that reflects the values and needs of our communities based on the concepts of what type of health care? A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary D) Primary, secondary, tertiary 8. Modern health care emphasizes what type of health care? A) Aggregate community-based health care B) Individual medical care C) Family-based health care D) Family- and community-based health care 9. Participation in formulating the framework for primary health care in a community may lead not only to better services but also to services based on existing socioeconomic conditions. There are three approaches to community participation in health programs. Which accurately describes the health service approach? A) An approach that focuses on curing diseases and is controlled by the medical profession. B) An approach that mobilizes people to focus on curing diseases, with ultimate decisions being made by the individual. C) An approach that mobilizes people to take an active role in the delivery of services based on modifying unhealthy behaviors. D) An approach that mobilizes people to be involved in the decision-making process to improve health. 10. There are three approaches to community participation in health programs. Which approach is applied through participatory research as a pathway to community empowerment and healing for improved community health status? A) Medical B) Health services C) Community development Page 2 D) Medical and health services 11. There are three essential components for community participation in health programs. What is one of the essential components? A) Framework to define the community. B) Participation is a passive, ongoing process. C) Decisions made through participation must be effective. D) People have the right and power to make decisions that affect their lives. 12. Empowerment through participation has three essential components to which nurses must be sensitive in order for community transformations to occur. What is one of the essential components? A) Shared awareness by members of the health care community. B) Mechanisms to mobilize the community to recognize its needs. C) Suggest ways to develop a culture of community participation. D) People have the right and power to make decisions affecting their lives. 13. Healing within the context of community empowerment is a bonding or bridging process that enables community members to work together effectively to achieve common goals, such as improved quality of life and community health. The process is similar to that described by Putnam in the development of “social capital.” What is bonding capital? A) Bring together people who don't know each other. B) Bring together groups who know each other. C) Relationship-building process among people or groups who already know each other. D) Relationship-building process among people or groups who don't know each other. 14. The work of nurse theorists reflects many of the philosophical underpinnings of holism, in which humans are depicted as constantly interacting with their environment in multiple rhythmic patterns. Who was one of the key nursing theorists? A) Newman B) Quinn C) Smuts D) Watson 15. Nurses play a critical role in assisting communities, families, and individuals in the process of becoming whole as they facilitate right relationships. According to Quinn, which is the most complete definition of a right relationship? A) One pattern of organization within the system that supports and encourages Page 3 actualization at any level. B) Two patterns of organization within the system that support, encourage, and allow actualization and self-transcendence at any level. C) Any pattern of organization within the system that supports, encourages, allows, or generates self-transcendence—at any and all levels. D) Any pattern of organization within the system that supports, encourages, allows, or generates actualization and self-transcendence—at any and all levels. 16. Community partnerships develop through a process of empowerment. There are four characteristics of an empowered community. Which is one of the characteristics of an empowered community? A) Faith in all people of the community B) Hope that dialogue will be established within the health care community C) Mandate positive transformations benefiting the community as a whole D) Discussion grounded in critical thinking without fear of repercussion by an individual participant not coordinating the effort 17. The emergence of a healing consciousness in which communities envision a mind–body–spirit connection with humanity can occur only through dialogue. Which characteristic of the dialogue is correct? A) Enables communities to see individuals as the same to impact change for the betterment of humanity. B) Enables communities to see their inequities to transform their environment through healing interventions. C) Enables communities to envision the key physical characteristics necessary to encourage individual progress of community members. D) Enables communities to negotiate with others who have similar viewpoints about the health of the community. 18. One method community health nurses may employ in empowering a community to focus on health problems is through research. What type of research is problem focused on a particular problem involving all participants? A) Action B) Participatory C) Qualitative D) Quantitative 19. There are six core principles of participatory and action research. What is one of the principles? A) Community members and the researches should strive to achieve mutual goals. B) The community health nurse for the research project determines the research agenda. Page 4 C) The process should be laissez faire and empower the participation of a wide range of community members. D) The relationship between health care experts and community members must be kept confidential. 20. Emancipatory inquiry provides a framework to expand the political consciousness of the disenfranchised in a community. Who identifies the important problems for this inquiry? A) Community members B) Community health nurse C) Community health professionals D) Community medical director Page 5 Answer Key 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. C 11. A 12. D 13. C 14. A 15. D 16. A 17. B 18. B 19. A 20. A Page 6