Abnormal Psychology An Integrative Approach 5th Edition by Barlow

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Karen had a baby about ten months ago. Ever since, she has had a poor appetite and poor self-esteem, been unable to sleep (even when the baby wasn’t waking her), and been unable to concentrate for any length of time. What Karen is most likely experiencing? a. major depression, single episode b. postpartum depression c. depression d. postpartum psychosis 2. Last year, Debbie experienced a three-month period of depressed mood, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, recurrent thoughts of death, sleep difficulties, and loss of energy. Four weeks ago, she began to experience the same severe symptoms. What is Debbie’s most likely diagnosis? a. major depressive disorder, recurrent b. dysphoric mania c. dysthymia, recurrent d. major depressive disorder, chronic 3. Jason had cyclothymia and was not treated for it. He now has been diagnosed with another, more serious disorder. What disorder is that most likely to be? a. antisocial personality disorder b. major depression c. bipolar I disorder d. borderline personality disorder 4. Which of the following statements best describes the terms used to differentiate mood disorders? a. Cyclothymic is to dysthymic as manic is to hypomanic. b. Cyclothymic is to dysthymic as major depressive is to bipolar. c. Cyclothymic is to dysthymic as bipolar is to major depressive. d. Cyclothymic is to dysthymic as bipolar I is to bipolar II. 5. Jack has experienced recurrent episodes of major depressive disorder. In the intervals between the episodes, he does not seem to return to “normal.” In fact, during those periods, he has been diagnosed as dysthymic. What condition does Jack most likely have? a. bipolar disorder b. atypical depression c. dysfunctional dysthymia d. double depression 6. Seligman and his colleagues conducted a course in which university students at risk for depression were taught cognitive and social problem-solving skills. What criterion was used to determine whether students in the study were at risk for depression? a. a low score on a test of learned helplessness b. a poor response to antidepressant medication c. a pessimistic cognitive style d. a family history of depression 7. If a person has symptoms of major depression, anxiety, or panic, what are you more likely to find in their family than in the family of someone without depression, anxiety, or panic? a. people with major depression but not panic b. people with major depression or panic but not anxiety c. people with major depression, anxiety, or panic d. people with panic or anxiety but not depression 8. Four people have just experienced the death of a spouse. Which of them is most likely to have a pathological grief reaction? a. Alice, whose husband committed suicide b. Beth, who was highly dependent on her late husband c. Claire, who has no family support d. Diane, who had a highly conflicted relationship with her late husband 9. Mack almost always draws conclusions that emphasize the negative rather than the positive. What is Mack exemplifying? a. overgeneralization b. learned helplessness c. delta commentary d. arbitrary inference 10. Which class of drugs includes the antidepressant medications known as imipramine (Tofranil) and amitriptyline (Elavil)? a. tricyclics b. tranquilizers c. MAO inhibitors d. SSRIs 11. Although electroconvulsive therapy has been a controversial issue for decades, it is an effective treatment for depression. In which of the following cases is it especially effective? a. when patient response to antidepressant medication is poor b. when patients are noncompliant in taking their antidepressant medication c. when symptoms of depression are mild d. when a bipolar patient is currently experiencing a manic episode 12. Prevalence rates for mood disorders in Canadian studies vary widely, from 4.1 percent in the Ontario Health Survey to 10.3 percent and 11 percent in surveys in Toronto and Calgary, respectively. What is epidemiologist psychiatrist Roger Bland’s explanation regarding these varying rates? a. different research methods b. cultural differences in the reporting of mood symptoms c. differences in health care systems d. varying levels of sunlight across regions of Canada 13. Which disorder puts adolescents at a higher risk for aggression, sexual promiscuity, and accidental injury? a. bipolar disorder b. major depression c. cyclothymia d. dysthymia 14. Which herbal treatment has recently gained considerable interest as a treatment for depression? a. milk thistle b. St. John’s wort (hypericum) c. gingko biloba d. saw palmetto 15. Patient X has rapid cycling bipolar I disorder. Patient X is MOST likely: a. an adolescent b. male c. elderly d. female 16. Current research into neurotransmitter systems has produced the “permissive hypothesis.” What does this hypothesis state? a. The norepinephrine system regulates serotonin levels; if norepinephrine is low, depression will occur. b. The absolute levels of neurotransmitters are more significant in mood regulation than the overall balance of the various neurotransmitters. c. Low levels of serotonin are sufficient to explain the etiology of mood disorders. d. When serotonin levels are low, other neurotransmitter systems become dysregulated and contribute to mood irregularities. 17. Which of the following describes what is known regarding drug treatment for depression? a. Drug treatments for mood disorders are effective for adults, but drug treatments are seldom effective with children. b. Drug treatments that are effective for adults are equally effective for children. c. Drug treatments for mood disorders that are effective for adults are even more effective for children. d. Drug treatments for mood disorders are effective for adults but have sometimes caused sudden deaths in children. 18. Why does the Canadian National Population Health Survey suggest that men and women have different rates of depression? a. Women tend to experience less overall stress in their work situations. b. Men tend to experience less overall stress in their work situations. c. Work-related depression is rarely reported by women. d. Different types of work demands predict depression in women versus men. 19. For several years now, 20-year-old Cynthia has been considered by her family and friends to be moody, high-strung, explosive, or hyperactive, yet never out of control. What is Cynthia’s most likely diagnosis? a. cyclothymia b. mania c. major depressive disorder d. dysthymia 20. About 10 percent of major depression episodes last as long as two years; however, most are time-limited. Approximately how long do they usually last? a. three months b. six months c. nine months d. one year 21. Jane is diagnosed with bipolar II disorder. Which of the following can we expect her to experience? a. She will experience hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes. b. She will experience manic episodes and major depressive episodes. c. She will experience hypomanic episodes alternating with mild depressive symptoms. d. She will experience hypomanic episodes predominantly. 22. Dr. Yu is giving a lecture on depression. She emphasizes that: a. the best treatment for depression is always medication b. depression is mostly a problem of university-aged women and the elderly c. depression does not increase the risk of suicide d. depressive symptoms occur in most people at some point in their lives 23. Angela belongs to an online support group for mothers with postpartum depression. Recently, ten mothers in the group have had their second child. How many of the mothers are likely to experience postpartum depression following these new births? a. 1 b. 2 c. 5 d. 8 24. Jackie has depression and is having a particularly hard time with anhedonia. What does this mean? a. Jackie cannot concentrate. b. Jackie feels of worthless. c. Jackie can’t experience pleasure. d. Jackie has an altered pattern of sleep. 25. One symptom of depression is an increase in sleeping. What other symptoms related to sleep occur in depression? a. decreased delta (slow wave) sleep, the deepest stage of sleep b. stages of deepest sleep occurring earlier in the sleep cycle c. less intense REM activity d. slower onset of REM sleep 26. Assuming that the prescribed medication is effective, what is the advantage of combining medication and psychosocial treatments for patients with depression? a. Patients may benefit from both rapid drug action and the psychosocial protection against recurrence or relapse. b. Depressed patients can usually stop taking their antidepressant medication after several sessions of psychosocial treatment. c. The same psychologist can provide the psychosocial therapy and prescribe the necessary medication. d. The therapeutic effects of medication are gradual, allowing the patient to learn coping skills while the drugs begin working. 27. How do depressive disorder, recurrent and major depressive disorder, and a single episode of depression differ? a. They differ in terms of gender prevalence; more males have the recurrent episode type. b. They differ in terms of gender prevalence; more females have the single episode type. c. They differ in the severity of symptoms. d. They differ in terms of family history of depression. 28. Wendy usually says, “It’s all my fault,” when anything goes wrong. Which dimension of the depressive attributional style is she reflecting? a. hopeless b. global c. stable d. internal 29. Mike has bipolar I disorder. Which of the following medications has most likely been prescribed for him? a. an anticonvulsant b. lithium c. Prozac d. St. John’s Wort 30. Which of the following is NOT an important reason for identifying the pattern of mood disorder known as “double depression”? a. It usually has a problematic future course. b. It is associated with severe psychopathology. c. It is often misdiagnosed as bipolar II disorder and inappropriately treated with lithium. d. It has very high rates of relapse and recurrence. 31. If Sarah has a low level of serotonin in her system, will she show symptoms of depression? a. Yes, as long as the levels of other neurotransmitters are low as well. b. She will only if the levels are low compared to other neurotransmitters. c. No, low levels of serotonin are linked to mania, not depression. d. No, serotonin is not linked to depression. 32. Which of the following is NOT a goal achieved by psychosocial treatments used for bipolar disorder? a. managing marital and job difficulties b. helping families understand symptoms c. increasing compliance with medication regimens such as lithium d. learning how to recognize and prevent manic symptoms from developing 33. David is with his sister Debbie, who is having a hypomanic episode. He is trying to estimate how many days he will need to take off work to stay with Debbie, what estimate would you give him? a. two days b. four days c!. six days d! twelve days 34. Andrew has been diagnosed with mania. Which of the following symptoms might Andrew be exhibiting? a. grandiosity b. visual hallucinations c. hypersomnia d. hypoactive behaviour 35. Although glorifying and romanticizing suicide in the media contributes to copycat suicides, which of the following is more likely? a. that the person copying the suicide is trying to impress others b. that the person copying the suicide is doing it as a cry for help c. that the person copying the suicide is not really serious about the suicide attempt d. that the person copying the suicide is vulnerable due to an existing psychological disorder 36. Which of the following individuals is showing signs of cyclothymic disorder? a. Abe, who alternates between depression and hypomania every three months b. Ben, who seems to be either depressed or manic but neither his depression nor his manic meet the clinical criteria for a disorder c. Claire, who alternates between depression and mania with a month of neutral mood in between d. Diane, who alternates between manic and hypomanic states at irregular intervals 37. Sima experiences dysphoric mania. What type of manic episodes will Sima experience? a. manic episodes related to a medical condition b. very mild manic episodes c. extremely severe manic episodes d. manic episodes accompanied by depression or anxiety 38. Consider Aaron Beck’s depressive cognitive triad. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that individuals think negatively about? a. their future b. their past c. themselves d. their immediate world 39. Which of the following is NOT typically involved in therapeutic approaches used to help the bereaved? a. re-experiencing the emotions associated with the death b. talking about the deceased loved one c. examining unexpressed hostility toward the loved one d. finding meaning in the loss 40. A student who has been doing very well in class receives a minor critical comment on an essay she wrote. The student thinks, “This is terrible. I’m probably going to fail the course.” What is this type of cognitive error in thinking? a. overgeneralization b. dissociating c. splitting d. arbitrary inference 41. Ambrose has just been prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Which of the following medications may have been prescribed to Ambrose? a. Prozac b. hypericum c. Thorazine d. Valium 42. Sarah has major depressive disorder, and her doctor says that she is the average age for someone with major depression. How old is Sarah most likely to be? a. 15 years old b. 25 years old c. 35 years old d. 45 years old 43. What distinguishes bipolar I disorder from bipolar II disorder? a. only bipolar I disorder includes episodes of clinical depression b. only bipolar I disorder has episodes of mania c. only bipolar II disorder is linked to cyclothymic disorder d. only bipolar I disorder involves periods of hypomania 44. What do we call the phenomenon where individuals who are biologically vulnerable to depression have a tendency to place themselves in high-risk, stressful environments? a. humoral theory b. the cognitive-behavioural model c. a stress-depression linkage effect d. the reciprocal gene–environment model 45. Reports in the 1990s suggested that the use of Prozac might lead to suicidal preoccupations, paranoid reactions, and occasionally, violence. According to your textbook, what do more recent findings suggest? a. They substantiate the early claims. b. They suggest that the benefits outweigh substantial risks. c. They indicate that the risks of suicide are no greater than with any other antidepressant. d. They show that Prozac is associated with far less risk of suicide than other antidepressants. 46. According to the text, the average length of a major depressive episode if left untreated is: a. 5 months b. 7 months c. 9 months d. 12 months 47. Kelly has just been prescribed a tricyclic antidepressant for her depression. When can she expect to start feeling benefits from the medication? a. immediately b. within 24 hours c. two to eight weeks from now d. three months from now 48. Which of the following is a side effect of tricyclic antidepressants? a. sexual dysfunction b. insomnia c. excessive urination d. weight loss 49. Anne has major depression and her friend Gail is experiencing mania. Both are refusing drug treatment. If both Anne and Gail began feeling symptoms on the same day, what can you predict about when the symptoms will end? a. Anne’s symptoms will go away first. b. Gail’s symptoms will go away first. c. Anne’s and Gail’s symptoms will end around the same time. d. When untreated, the duration of both depression and mania is highly variable so a prediction cannot be made. 50. Which of the following is NOT an associated characteristic of early onset of dysthymia (before age 21)? a. greater chronicity b. genetic influence c. better prognosis d. poorer response to treatment 51. Marieke has dysthymic disorder while Jackie has major depressive disorder. How will the experiences of the two women differ? a. Marieke will have episodic symptoms of depression. b. Marieke will have longer-lasting symptoms of depression. c. Marieke will have more severe symptoms of depression. d. Marieke will have have temporary symptoms of depression. 52. Why is the antidepressant medication lithium also referred to as a mood stabilizer? a. because it increases the availability of both dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain b. because it increases thyroid functioning, which results in improved mood stabilization c. because it helps to prevent manic episodes d. because it elevates serotonin levels, which prevents depression 53. It can be difficult to diagnose depression in older adults because the presentation of mood disorders is often complicated by another variable. What is that variable? a. substance abuse b. symptoms of menopause c. the presence of medical illnesses or symptoms of dementia d. family members who are unwilling to admit there are psychological problems in their elderly relatives 54. Ms. Barr experienced the death of a close friend three months ago. She is so depressed that she has no appetite or energy, and she is suicidal. What would most mental health professionals conclude that Ms. Barr is experiencing? a. a depressive episode that is unrelated to the loss, because it has been three months b. a grief reaction within normal limits c. a pathological grief reaction d. a grief reaction that is considered within normal limits unless she actually attempts suicide 55. Bipolar II disorder is characterized by major depressive episodes alternating with hypomanic episodes, while bipolar I disorder is characterized by alternating episodes of major depression and another symptom. What is the other symptom? a. dysthymia b. mania c. cyclothymic disorder d. periods of remission 56. The best evidence that genes have something to do with mood disorders comes from twin studies. The concordance rates of identical twins are compared with those of fraternal twins. What have studies shown the concordance rates in mood disorders are associated with? a. age at first episode; the higher the age of onset, the higher the concordance rate b. severity; if one twin has had three or more major depressive episodes, the chances of his or her twin presenting with a mood disorder is greater c. age at first episode; the lower the age of onset, the higher the concordance rate d. response to treatment; if one twin responded poorly to treatment, the chances of his or her twin presenting with a mood disorder is greater 57. Victoria has had a history of depressive episodes in the past. Recently, her mother died. What would you predict about Victoria? a. Victoria’s past clinical history is unrelated to the development of an abnormal grief reaction. b. Victoria would be more likely to develop a pathological grief reaction than someone without a past history of depression. c. If Victoria had a lot of repressed anger toward her mother, she is more likely to develop an abnormal grief reaction. d. Victoria would have a grief reaction that is considered within normal limits unless she had previously attempted suicide. 58. When is the rapid-cycling specifier added to the diagnosis of bipolar disorder? a. when the patient has had at least two episodes within a year b. when the patient has had at least four episodes within a year c. when the patient has had at least six episodes within a year d. when the patient has had at least eight episodes within a year 59. Recent research suggests that it might be possible to “psychologically immunize” at-risk children against depression. What intervention was provided to form the basis of this position? a. Children who were at risk for depression were given art therapy before they entered puberty. b. Children who were at risk for depression were given family counselling before they entered puberty. c. Children who were at risk for depression were taught cognitive and social problem-solving skills before they entered puberty. d. Children who were at risk for depression were treated with psychoanalytic therapy before they entered puberty. 60. What was one step taken in Canada that was associated with long-lasting reductions in suicide rates? a. restrictive gun-control legislation in the 1970s b. extensive drug-control legislation in the 1960s c. making suicide attempts illegal in the 1970s d. funding more research studies of suicide beginning in the 1960s 61. Research has found that low levels of a neurotransmitter may be related to increased risk of suicide. What is that neurotransmitter? a. serotonin b. norepinephrine c. adrenalin d. GABA 62. Jerry experienced a manic episode six months ago, which was followed by a major depressive episode. What would he most likely be diagnosed with? a. cyclothymic disorder b. rapid cycling disorder c. bipolar II disorder d. bipolar I disorder 63. Kathy informed her doctor that she has had three major depressive episodes, which were separated by a two-month period when she did not feel depressed. What is Kathy’s most likely diagnosis? a. dysthymic disorder b. major depressive disorder, single episode c. major depressive disorder, recurrent d. double depression 64. When referring to the mood disorders, which of the following terms would family most likely use to describe cyclothymia? a. moody b. depressing c. hyperactive d. focused 65. In severe cases of depression in which the episode lasts five years or longer, approximately what percentage of patients can be expected to recover? a. 18 percent b. 38 percent c. 53 percent d. 98 percent 66. In 1989, Abramson and his colleagues revised Seligman’s theory of learned helplessness, which had focused on specific attributions as the crucial factor in depression. What did Abramson and his colleagues change the focus to? a. repressed anger b. lack of control c. a sense of hopelessness d. a feeling of failure 67. Which of the following puts you at the greatest risk for committing suicide if you are an Inuit in Nunavik? a. being male b. being between 24 and 36 c. being female d. a history of criminal behaviour 68. Which of the following behaviours is NOT likely to lead to hospitalization for mania? a. recurrent thoughts of suicide b. self-destructive buying sprees c. taking extreme physical risks d. violent behaviour 69. Jenny has experienced long-standing feelings of depression. During the past 20 days, she has experienced a depressed mood, feelings of emptiness, and significant weight loss. Jenny confided in a neighbour that she is considering suicide. What is Jenny MOST likely suffering from? a. major depressive disorder, postpartum type b. major depressive disorder, rapid cycling type c. double depression d. cyclothymia 70. Dr. Thompson is observing Reid’s behaviour and notes that Reid is displaying a “flight of ideas”. What does Dr. Thompson mean when she uses this phrase? a. extremely creative thinking b. inability to concentrate c. talking about grandiose plans d. rapid speech expressing many subjects at once 71. Where does a great deal of what we know about the risk factors for suicide come from? a. clinical experience b. psychological autopsies c. neurochemical analyses d. twin and adoption studies 72. Dr. Klein studies suicide and is interested in cultural and gender differences in suicide rates. She is collaborating with a researcher from a country where suicide rates are higher for women than for men. Where is her colleague from? a. China b. Canada c. The United States d. Taiwan 73. According to Martin Seligman, people become anxious and depressed because they believe that they have no control over the stress in their lives. Which model of depression is this? a. learned helplessness theory b. control theory c. hopelessness bias theory d. cognitive-behavioural theory 74. In their study of individuals who experienced a marital separation or divorce, but who had no previous history of severe depression, what did Bruce and Kim (1992) find? a. a higher rate of depression in men b. a higher rate of depression in women c. an approximately equal and a significant rate of depression for males and females d. no serious symptoms of depression in either males or females 75. Hannah and Greg are the same age and were both laid off from their jobs recently. What can you predict about the likelihood of each of them developing depression? a. Hannah is more likely to develop depression than Greg. b. Greg is more likely to develop depression than Hannah. c. Hannah and Greg are equally likely to develop depression. d. Whether Hannah or Greg is more likely to develop depression will depend entirely on their genetic makeup. 76. Who would be at the greatest risk for committing suicide? a. Mark, who has depression and a substance abuse disorder b. Angela, who has depression and anxiety c. Chris, who has bipolar II disorder d. Dave, who has dysthymia 77. Darren wants to help reduce suicides in his town. He decides to try to find ways to tackle something that is associated with approximately one-quarter to one-half of all suicides. What might Darren’s plan be? a. to reduce alcohol use among citizens b. to reduce gun ownership among citizens c. to reduce work stress among citizens d. to reduce divorce among citizens 78. Allison’s family has been told Allison has the most severe form of depression. What disorder has Allison been diagnosed with? a. cyclothymia b. dysthymia c. profound depression d. major depressive disorder 79. Which personality disorder is impulsive suicidal behaviour often a symptom of? a. borderline personality disorder b. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder c. paranoid personality disorder d. schizoid personality disorder 80. It has been ten days since Diana’s mother died. Diana doesn’t eat, she has lost interest in her usual activities, and she takes no pleasure in anything she does. All she can do is think about the past and wish she could be with her mother. What is Diana suffering from? a. impacted grief reaction b. pathological grief c. complicated grief d. pathological grief reaction 81. Thirty-five-year-old Rick recently formulated an elaborate plan to cure AIDS with vitamin therapy. To provide funding, he withdrew all his money from his bank and purchased thousands of jars of vitamins and small boxes to put them in. When he appeared at a hospital emergency room loudly demanding names of patients with AIDS, Rick was hospitalized for psychiatric observation. What is Rick’s most likely diagnosis? a. hypomanic episode b. schizophrenic mania c. depressive psychosis d. manic episode 82. Although the mood-stabilizing drug lithium is the preferred treatment for bipolar disorder, patient compliance has been a problem. Why do patients often stop taking their lithium, even though it is effective in stabilizing their moods? a. They become anxious that the drug is too toxic. b. They cannot organize their daily routine and forget their medication. c. They start to have panic attacks. d. They miss the euphoric feelings that mania produces. 83. According to recent research on the development of depression, what type of vulnerability to depression do dysfunctional attitudes (a negative outlook) and hopelessness attributions (explaining things negatively) constitute? a. cognitive vulnerability b. biological vulnerability c. sociological vulnerability d. behavioural vulnerability 84. Despite having many successes, which of the following people struggles with depression but is determined to decrease the high rates of suicide among young people in many Canadian Aboriginal communities? a. Sarah McLachlan b. Zindel Segal c. James Bartleman d. Margaret Trudeau 85. In a randomly assigned, controlled study, previously suicidal, hospitalized young adults were helped to develop social competence and more adaptive coping skills, and to recognize the emotional triggers that precipitate suicide attempts. A two-year follow-up indicated continued reductions in suicidal ideation and behaviour. What is the significance of this study? a. It has been expanded into the first empirically supported psychological treatment for suicidal behaviour. b. None of the patients in the study committed suicide. c. None of the patients committed suicide after the study was completed. d. It is the first psychological treatment for suicidal behaviour in which medication was not used. 86. How are MAO inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants similar? a. They both result in the pooling of neurotransmitters at the synapse. b. They both have an effectiveness rate of about 60%. c. They are both more effective in men than women. d. They both result in similar side effects including increased sex drive and loss of appetite. 87. A friend states he is mildly depressed but he’s not sure, and he asks if there is any kind of laboratory test that could determine whether or not someone is depressed. What would you tell him? a. Cortisol levels are decreased in depression; he could have his cortisol levels checked by a blood test. b. Currently, there is no way of diagnosing depression with a laboratory test. c. The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) can be used only to diagnose severe cases of depression. d. The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) is a biological test for depression. 88. Dr. Hammond is frustrated because he is having the same problem with the medical treatment he has prescribed for three different patients with bipolar disorder. What is the most likely source of Dr. Hammond’s frustration? a. His patients are taking too much medication during a severe manic state. b. His patients are stopping the medical treatment and becoming depressed. c. His patients are having problems with addiction to the medication while in a manic state. d. His patients often stop taking the medication in order to bring on a manic state. 89. Which of the following is characteristic the manic state? a. anhedonia b. hyposensitivity c. irritability d. decreased energy 90. Jamie is six years old and has been diagnosed with dysthymic disorder. What disorder is Jamie highly likely to develop as he gets older? a. cyclothymia b. mania c. major depressive disorder d. bipolar disorder 91. Which of the following was dropped as an exclusion for a diagnosis of depression when the DSM 5 was published? a. a recent stressful event b. the recent birth of a child c. a concurrent diagnosis of an anxiety disorder d. the recent death of a loved one 92. Liz is in a very downcast mood. She has lost weight, has no appetite, and is constantly fatigued. She has lost interest in most of her regular activities and hobbies, and they no longer give her any joy. She seems indifferent to her family and friends and has recurrent thoughts of suicide. What does Liz appear to be suffering from? a. bipolar disorder b. dysthymia disorder c. cyclothymia disorder d. major depressive disorder 93. At what age is the gender difference in the prevalence of depression the greatest? a. childhood b. adolescence c. middle adulthood d. old age 94. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) helps depressed patients resolve relationship problems. Which of the following issues is NOT a likely focus of IPT? a. death of a loved one b. deficits in social skills c. marital conflict d. problems in past relationships 95. Isaac has bipolar I disorder and does not take medication. He has just started a manic episode. How long will the episode likely last? a. two to six weeks b. four to eight weeks c. two to six months d. six to nine months 96. There is some evidence to suggest that many famous creative people have suffered from bipolar disorders. What has this finding led Richards and colleagues (1988) to speculate? a. Mania is at the heart of all creativity. b. The genetic vulnerability to mood disorders is associated with a predisposition to creativity. c. Creative endeavours may create sufficient stress such that they contribute to the development of mood disorders. d. The same gene that causes bipolar disorder causes creativity. 97. Hannah has just been diagnosed with depression. How long is her depressive episode likely to last? a. three months b. nine months c. two years d. more than two years 98. According to several studies, which of the following has been found to show a strong association with depression in women? a. a tendency to engage in activities that take their minds off negative feelings b. a history of childhood sexual abuse c. the size of their extended families d. brain damage 99. Jeremy has just been diagnosed with rapid-cycling manic-depressive episodes. How many manic episodes must Jeremy have had in the past year?? a. at least two b. at least four c. at least six d. at least ten 100. Explain the differences between mania and hypomania in terms of symptoms and severity. 101. Compare and contrast the clinical symptoms of major depression and mania. Explain what is meant by dysphoric (or mixed) mania. 102. Compare the symptoms, frequency, and treatment of depression in children/adolescents and the elderly, as it compares to depression in young and middle-aged adults. 103. Explain the neurobiological basis of depression. Describe the role of specific neurotransmitters implicated in mood disorders. 104. Explain how a grief reaction can become a pathological disorder. Describe the psychological and social factors that predict who will develop a pathological grief reaction. 105. Explain the differences between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder, referring to the nature of episodes associated with each. 106. Explain Aaron Beck’s cognitive theory of depression. What is the “cognitive triad”? Give examples of the different types of cognitive errors. 107. Discuss the pattern of gender differences in the various mood disorders. Explain some of the proposed psychosocial theories of gender differences in depression. 108. Compare and contrast dysthymia and cyclothymia, and explain how each differs from either major depression or bipolar disorder. Explain what is meant by “double depression.” 109. Describe several of the medical and psychological treatments for depression. Compare the treatments in terms of effectiveness. 110. Discuss the relationship between suicide and psychological disorders such as depression, substance abuse, and personality disorders. Describe the significance of stressful life events in suicidal behaviour. Answer Key 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. d 6. c 7. c 8. b 9. d 10. a 11. a 12. a 13. a 14. b 15. d 16. d 17. d 18. d 19. a 20. c 21. a 22. d 23. c 24. c 25. a 26. a 27. d 28. d 29. b 30. c 31. b 32. d 33. b 34. a 35. d 36. b 37. d 38. b 39. c 40. a 41. a 42. b 43. b 44. d 45. c 46. c 47. c 48. a 49. b 50. c 51. b 52. c 53. c 54. c 55. b 56. b 57. b 58. b 59. c 60. a 61. a 62. d 63. c 64. a 65. b 66. c 67. a 68. b 69. c 70. d 71. b 72. a 73. a 74. a 75. b 76. a 77. a 78. d 79. a 80. c 81. d 82. d 83. a 84. c 85. a 86. a 87. b 88. d 89. c 90. c 91. d 92. d 93. b 94. d 95. c 96. b 97. b 98. b 99. b 100. Student responses will vary. 101. Student responses will vary. 102. Student responses will vary. 103. Student responses will vary. 104. Student responses will vary. 105. Student responses will vary. 106. Student responses will vary. 107. Student responses will vary. 108. Student responses will vary. 109. Student responses will vary. 110. Student responses will vary. Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is the most notable contribution of Clarence Hinckes? a. He argued that mental illness is treatable with a combination of drugs and individualized attention. b. He argued that mental illness was incurable but more humane institutions were needed to care for the mentally ill. c. He argued that mental illness was caused by brain pathology and, therefore, was incurable and that therapy should consist of learning to cope with symptoms. d. He argued that mental illness was treatable, which was contrary to the prevailing view at the time. 2. Who is the concept of a “hierarchy of needs” most closely associated with? a. Carl Rogers b. Anna Freud c. Abraham Maslow d. Carl Jung 3. The concept of hysteria traditionally meant physical symptoms for which no organic pathology could be found. Which of the following terms is now used to refer to this concept? a. neurosis b. anxiety disorders c. delusions d. somatic symptom disorders 4. Trent is in psychoanalysis and states to his therapist that he thinks that his wife is considering having an affair with her co-worker. Later on in the session, Trent admits that he is tempted to start an affair with his own co-worker. What defence mechanism was Trent displaying when he accused his wife of thinking about being unfaithful? a. sublimation b. projection c. displacement d. denial 5. According to psychoanalytic theory, what is the role of the ego? a. to counteract the aggressive and sexual drives of the id b. to maximize pleasure and reduce tension c. to mediate conflict between the id and the superego d. to increase self-esteem and a strong sense of identity 6. What was Erikson’s greatest contribution to psychoanalytical theorizing? a. his idea that development occurs across the life span b. his idea that sexual arousal and interest occur during the latency stage c. his idea that societal factors influence our behaviour d. his idea that intrapsychic conflicts are resolved in early childhood 7. According to psychoanalytic theory, the id operates according to the pleasure principle. What does that mean? a. It utilizes secondary-process thinking. b. It thinks in an unemotional, logical, and rational manner. c. It is sexual, aggressive, selfish, and envious. d. It adheres to social rules and regulations. 8. After graduation, two of your friends express an interest in psychology careers. Carl wants to work with relatively healthy individuals who are experiencing adjustment or vocational difficulties. Anna wishes to focus on the more severe psychological disorders and conduct research into their causes. Because you are studying abnormal psychology, they ask you for career advice. What do you tell them? a. Carl should study psychology at the graduate level, and Anna should apply to medical school. b. Carl should study clinical psychology at the graduate level, and Anna should study counselling psychology at the graduate level. c. Both of them should apply to medical school. d. Anna should study clinical psychology at the graduate level, and Carl should study counselling psychology at the graduate level. 9. In the late 1800s, there was an emphasis on biological causes of mental disorders, which ironically reduced interest in treatments for mental patients. Why did this happen? a. because it was thought that hospital staff were not adequately trained to administer new treatments b. because it was thought that patients would improve more rapidly if they were not hospitalized c. because it was thought that mental illness due to brain pathology was incurable d. because it was thought that physicians should devote more time to the physically ill 10. In 1895, how did neurologist Josef Breuer treat Anna O.’s hysterical symptoms? a. using mesmerism b. using hydrotherapy c. using the placebo effect d. using hypnosis 11. Which of the following 18th century terms for psychiatric conditions is related to an explanation for mental illness? a. lunatic b. mental defective c. maniac d. idiot 12. You are in a mall when a young child begins to scream and shout because his parents will not buy him the latest toy. What would B.F. Skinner most likely say about the child’s behaviour? a. It is an expression of repressed Oedipal anger toward his father and it will diminish naturally as he gets older. b. It is a classically conditioned response to being in the mall. c. It would be most effectively altered over the long term by simply ignoring it. d. It would be most effectively altered over the long term by scolding him and positively reinforcing more appropriate behaviour. 13. How does Gestalt therapy differ from psychoanalytic therapy? a. In Gestalt therapy, there is no delving into past experiences. b. In Gestalt therapy, the critical element is the therapist’s unconditional positive regard for the patient. c. In Gestalt therapy, there is little emphasis on the here and now. d. In Gestalt therapy, there is little or no training required for therapists. 14. If a psychological disorder is said to have an acute onset, how did the symptoms develop? a. atypically b. suddenly c. gradually d. sporadically 15. Which of the following Greek philosophers suggested that maladaptive behaviour was rooted in social and cultural factors? a. Galen b. Hippocrates c. Plato d. Aristotle 16. Popular musician Lady Gaga has performed with blood spurting out of her clothes. Why might having blood spurt from her clothes be considered abnormal? a. because her behaviour demonstrates a sense of subjective discomfort b. because she has an inability to distinguish right from wrong c. because it is a deviation from the what is typical in her society d. because she shows an inability to function effectively 17. Anton Mesmer, an early 18th-century physician, purported to cure patients by unblocking the flow of a bodily fluid he called “animal magnetism.” Benjamin Franklin’s double-blind experiment indicated that any effectiveness of Mesmer’s methods was actually due to which of the following? a. undetectable magnetic fields b. chemically induced humoral balance c. the power of suggestion d. mental telepathy 18. Psychological disorders can be described as following a typical course or individual pattern. Disorders that tend to last a long time follow one type of course, whereas disorders that show a discontinuous, repetitive pattern follow another type of course. What are these courses, respectively? a. chronic; episodic b. chronic; time-limited c. pervasive; time-limited d. insidious; recurrent 19. According to object relations theory, what does the concept of “introjection” refer to? a. a strong drive toward self-actualization and self-assessment b. the process of internalizing the images, memories, or values of an important person in one’s life c. the ability to adapt successfully to one’s environment d. projecting one’s own unacceptable feelings onto another individual or object 20. Why is a patient’s age important information in the clinical description? a. because young children do not experience true psychological disorders b. because older adults are reluctant to report psychological symptoms c. because children are not reliable sources of information about symptoms d. because disorders occurring in childhood may be expressed differently at older ages 21. In most Western societies, what happens when a person enters a trance state and believes he or she is possessed? a. The person is believed to be suffering from a psychotic disorder. b. The person is diagnosed with a dissociative disorder. c. The person may be viewed as having a psychological disorder. d. The person can be cured with antipsychotic medication. 22. Why are hysterical disorders no longer considered to be caused by a “wandering” uterus? a. because men also suffer from hysterical disorders b. because of greater knowledge of physiology c. because the theory is considered insulting to women d. because when the uterus is removed, symptoms tend to remain 23. William lived in the 19th century and had the cognitive disorder known as “general paresis.” Based on this information, what other disease do you know William suffered from? a. epilepsy b. hysteria c. malaria d. syphilis 24. In the 14th century, what did the physician who first treated France’s King Charles VI suggest as a cure? a. reducing his responsibilities b. bloodletting c. exorcism d. sexual abstinence 25. Statistical data are relevant to researchers. For example, one major epidemiological study found that about 7.8 percent of people in North America have had a mood disorder at some point in their lives and 3.7 percent have experienced a mood disorder over the past year. What do the 7.8 percent and 3.7 percent statistics refer to, respectively? a. incidence; prevalence b. incidence; recurrence c. proportion; prevalence d. prevalence; incidence 26. John Grey was an important figure in 19th-century psychiatry in the United States. What did he believe was always the cause of mental illness? a. physical causes b. social/environmental influences c. psychological factors d. unknown influences 27. What did Jean Charcot find when he used a variation of Mesmer’s? a. These methods were effective in treating a number of psychological disorders. b. These methods were no more effective than previous methods he had used. c. Patients were better able to understand the link between their emotional problems and their psychological disorder. d. The symptoms of some patients actually worsened. 28. According to psychoanalytic theory, what do the conflicts between the id and the superego often lead to? a. anxiety b. anger c. violent behaviour d. depression 29. During more superstitious times, which of the following was thought to be the cause of abnormal behaviour? a. a demonic possession b. black bile c. homosexuality d. punishment of the illiterate 30. Which of the following is associated with the humanistic theories of Carl Rogers? a. hierarchy of needs b. dream analysis c. moral hygiene d. client-centred therapy 31. According to Hippocrates’ humoral theory, which of the following best characterizes the choleric personality? a. hot tempered b. kind c. lacking affect d. easygoing 32. You are listening to old musical tunes, including “Melancholy Baby.” Your friends are impressed when you tell them that “melancholic,” referring to a depressive personality, derives from the Greek term melancholer. What does this term mean? a. yellow bile b. phlegm c. blood d. black bile 33. Suppose you know someone lived sometime between 1100 AD and 1900 AD but you don’t know the exact years and you had to place a bet on which treatment for a psychological disorder they were most likely to have had. Which treatment would you bet on? a. induced seizures b. bloodletting c. drilling through the skull d. exorcism 34. In contrast to Freud, how did Jung and Adler view human nature? a. They believed that cognitive and personality factors shape human potential. b. They believed that humans are born with a strong drive toward self-actualization. c. They believed that the ego is much stronger than Freud postulated. d. They believed that humans are shaped through learning from their environment. 35. You have just read a newspaper article about a savage rape and murder. You wonder how anyone could commit such a horrible crime. Then you recall from your study of Freudian theory that anyone could be a killer or rapist if certain impulses are not well controlled. Which of the following best describes these impulses? a. intrapsychic forces b. a libidinous desire c. the drive of the id d. primitive forces 36. In the 14th and 15th centuries, in addition to attributing mental illness to the supernatural, some people suggested that mental illness was caused by what other factor? a. an unhealthy lifestyle b. head injuries c. stress d. genes 37. A dog had been conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell because of its association with the presentation of food. Later, when exposed to the bell without food for a long period, the dog eventually stopped salivating to the sound of the bell. What is this phenomenon known as? a. extinction b. response fading c. conditioned forgetting d. stimulus fading 38. In Freudian theory, the terms “libido” and “thanatos” represent two basic but opposing drives. What are they? a. life and death b. pleasure and pain c. sex and celibacy d. good and evil 39. Why was Emil Kraeplin’s lasting contribution to modern psychiatry in the area of diagnosis and classification of psychological disorders, rather than that of treatment? a. because of his discomfort with actually working with patients b. because of his conviction that better diagnosis was necessary for more effective treatment c. because of his belief that these disorders were due to brain pathology d. because of his belief in the influence of the social environment in mental illness 40. Whose work lead to a decline in moral therapy? a. Grey b. Dix c. Hinckes d. Freud 41. A four-year-old girl sucks her thumb, a teenager binges on food, and an adult woman bites her fingernails. According to the Freudian theory of psychosexual development, what underlies all of these behaviours? a. repression of aggressive impulses b. a fixation at the oral stage of psychosexual development c. a trauma during the toilet-training phase d. denial of unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or wishes 42. In many parts of the world during the 1970s, what would an individual suffering from an anxiety disorder most likely have been prescribed? a. bromides b. neuroleptics c. benzodiazepines d. electroconvulsive therapy 43. According to Freudian theory, anxiety is a signal for the ego to marshal its mechanisms of defence. This is a function of which of the following? a. reality-based actions b. conscious efforts to maintain control c. unconscious protective processes d. primitive emotional responses 44. Why is Watson and Rayner’s experiment in which they induced a fear of white, furry objects in Little Albert famous? a. It was the first real-life demonstration of operant conditioning. b. It was the first recorded lawsuit made against the psychology profession for unethical behaviour. c. It was the first recorded example of inducing fear of an object in a laboratory setting. d. It proved the law of effect. 45. Which of the following is one of the three ways a psychotherapist can function as a scientist-practitioner? a. writing textbooks b. evaluating clinical practice c. prescribing medications d. teaching students 46. When 20-year-old Larry was first identified as suffering from schizophrenia, his family wanted to know how the disorder would progress and how it would affect him in the future. In medical terms, what did the family want to know? a. Larry’s psychosocial profile b. Larry’s pathology c. Larry’s diagnosis d. Larry’s prognosis 47. What movement did Dorothea Dix start? a. the mental hygiene movement b. the moral movement c. the humane therapy movement d. the deinstitutionalization movement 48. In ancient Greece, a woman suffering from hysteria might be told that her condition could be cured by which of the following? a. induced seizures b. bloodletting c. marriage d. rest and relaxation 49. The term psychotherapist is used to describe a. clinical psychologists and psychiatrists only. b. people who provide therapy but who do not hold medical degrees. c. people who followed in the traditions of Sigmund Freud. d. anyone who is trained to treat psychopathological disorders. 50. How does psychodynamic psychotherapy differ from classical (Freudian) psychoanalysis? a. It emphasizes the goal of personality reconstruction. b. It focuses more on social and interpersonal issues. c. It considers past experiences important. d. It requires a long-term commitment on the part of the person being analyzed. 51. A classmate in your psychology course is worried about the selfish and sometimes dangerous drives of the id. Which of the following should you say to your classmate to address this fear? a. Because id impulses are usually part of conscious awareness, we can learn to control them. b. Id fantasies never become part of conscious awareness, so we never act on them. c. Each of us develops an ego to help us behave more realistically. d. The selfish drives of the id are transformed to positive emotional expressions. 52. Ron has just been diagnosed with schizophrenia and hospitalized. What would Thomas Szasz MOST likely argue? a. Ron should not be hospitalized because doing so will only make his symptoms worse. b. Ron’s behaviour does not represent an illness like diabetes, and “schizophrenia” is merely a label applied on the basis of highly subjective judgments. c. Ron’s schizophrenia is a serious illness that is best treated with a combination of drugs and family therapy. d. Ron should be assessed further because mistakes in diagnosis are made frequently. 53. Jack and Kelly have been dating for six months. Kelly is not interested in continuing their relationship. She calls Jack and informs him that although she cares about him, she must end their relationship. Jack laughs and says, “Funny joke.” Kelly states, “This is not a joke; I am serious.” Jack then says, “I’ll pick you up in an hour for dinner.” Which defence mechanism does this example illustrate? a. displacement b. projection c. denial d. repression 54. Why was electroconvulsive therapy originally used as a therapy for schizophrenia? a. because it was (mistakenly) observed that schizophrenia was rarely found in people with epilepsy b. because it was (mistakenly) observed that it could reduce brain seizures, providing a cure c. because it was (mistakenly) observed to induce convulsions and stimulated appetite in psychotic patients d. because it was (mistakenly) observed to alleviate the depression that often accompanies schizophrenia 55. After receiving the results of four different sets of tests, Mary’s doctor tells her that she has cancer. Mary states, “This can’t be true; I’m going to get a second opinion.” Which defence mechanism does this example illustrate? a. displacement b. denial c. projection d. repression 56. In the middle of the 20th century, which of the following were some of the first effective drugs for psychological disorders? a. benzodiazepines to treat depression b. bromides and opium for sedation c. insulin and neuroleptics for sedation d. neuroleptics for psychotic symptoms 57. According to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, individuals will be unable to achieve high levels of self-actualization and self-esteem unless which of the following has taken place? a. unless they have been raised with unconditional positive regard from primary caregivers b. unless they have first met more basic human requirements such as food, sex, and friendship c. unless they have developed sufficient ego strength d. unless they have gratified their basic needs and satisfied their drive for physical pleasure through the five psychosexual stages of development 58. Bloodletting, often through the use of leeches, was a treatment devised centuries ago. What was this treatment used for? a. to reduce excessive blood in the brain b. to correct a chemical imbalance in the brain c. to reduce the negative effects of stress d. to restore the balance of humors 59. What is the formal definition of psychopathology? a. the medications used to treat some psychological disorders b. the criteria used to define psychological disorders c. the psychological therapies used to treat psychological disorders d. the scientific study of psychological disorders 60. The Oedipus complex is the psychosexual conflict occurring during the phallic stage of development in boys. How is this complex characterized? a. by love for the mother and feelings of anger and envy toward the father b. by a repressed need for oral gratification c. by a love for the father and feelings of repulsion toward the mother d. by a repressed need for genital self-stimulation 61. In 14th- and 15th-century Europe, to what was inexplicable behaviour attributed? a. evil b. stupidity c. humors d. astrology 62. Sarah underwent chemotherapy treatment for cancer. She now reports experiencing mild nausea when she drives by the hospital and severe nausea when she enters the hospital where her chemotherapy was administered. What phenomenon best explains these reactions to stimuli she associates with her chemotherapy? a. reconditioning b. introspection c. operant conditioning d. stimulus generalization 63. The discovery of certain tranquilizers made it possible to control psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations and delusions. What kind of drugs were these tranquilizers? a. neuroleptics b. bromides c. benzodiazepines d. opiates 64. As compared to her father, Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud (1895–1982) focused her work on the way our behaviour is influenced. Which of the following did she write? a. Id and the Mechanisms of Defense b. Our Neurosis and the Mechanisms of Defense c. Our Self-actualization and the Mechanisms of Defense d. Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense 65. In Freud’s iceberg analogy of the psyche, which two elements can operate within the conscious mind? a. the ego and the id b. the id and the preconscious c. the preconscious and the superego d. the superego and the ego 66. In classical psychoanalysis, why is the process whereby the therapist interprets a patient’s dreams often difficult? a. because the patient may resist uncovering repressed material and deny the interpretation b. because patients often forget their dreams c. because the patient may relate to the therapist much as he or she did toward a parent figure d. because the therapist may wish not to upset the patient with a negative interpretation 67. Louie was barking like a dog and walking on his hands and knees. A professional thought the cause of Louie’s problem was an excess of a particular neurotransmitter, and prescribed a drug to treat him. What kind of professional was this most likely? a. a clinical psychologist b. a social worker c. a psychiatric social worker d. a psychiatrist 68. What is the relationship between a presenting problem and a clinical description? a. Obtaining the patient’s clinical description is the first step in determining what the patient’s presenting problem is. b. Describing the patient’s presenting problem is the first step in determining the patient’s clinical description. c. The presenting problem refers to the current status of a distressed individual; the clinical description refers to the treatment plan. d. The presenting problem refers to symptoms that last only a short time, whereas the clinical description refers to symptoms that are chronic. 69. Jason has been having a lot of difficulty because of his irrational fears. His doctor advises Jason to participate in an anxiety-reduction procedure based on the work of Joseph Wolpe. What is this procedure? a. aversive conditioning b. person-centred therapy c. systematic desensitization d. mesmerism 70. What does Wolpe’s technique of systematic desensitization involve? a. reinforcing successive approximations to a final behaviour or set of behaviours b. gradually introducing the feared objects or situations so that fear can be extinguished c. gradually reinforcing fearless behaviour and punishing fear responses d. reinforcing an incompatible response to a feared situation 71. In the psychosocial approach called “moral therapy,” what does the term “moral” mean? a. emotional b. ethical c. religious d. story 72. What are two recent developments that have contributed to a multidimensional, integrative approach to psychopathology? a. the introduction of highly specialized drugs and more sophisticated training for mental health workers b. increasingly sophisticated medical technology and the realization that no one influence on behaviour ever occurs in isolation c. deinstitutionalization and the growth of humanistic therapies d. an increase in public mental health education and less reliance on drugs to control abnormal behaviour 73. Which of the following is a characteristic of how defence mechanisms affect coping styles? a. They are dependent upon the age of the person and how they are used. b. They can be either adaptive or maladaptive. c. They are self-defeating. d. They are adaptive. 74. In classical psychoanalysis, what does the concept of “transference” refer to? a. the process whereby the patient falsely attributes his or her own unacceptable feelings or thoughts to the therapist b. the process whereby the therapist projects some of his or her own personal feelings onto the patient c. the process whereby the patient relates to the therapist as he or she would toward a parent figure d. the process whereby the patient directs potentially maladaptive impulses to socially acceptable behaviour 75. Alonso believes that Hedwig’s behaviour disturbance is due to an excess of black bile. Whose ideas about psychiatry does Alonso’s belief best align with? a. Blueler b. Aristotle c. Newton d. Hippocrates 76. Who was the first theorist to argue that genetics were related to abnormal functioning? a. Hippocrates b. Galen c. Freud d. Grey 77. Why are operant conditioning techniques being applied in Canadian hospital settings? a. to increase patients’ insight into their fears and wishes b. to reduce psychiatric patients’ undesirable behaviour and increase their desirable behaviour c. to reduce patients’ fear of surgery d. to increase nursing staff’s empathy 78. How do most mental health professionals view psychoanalysis as a treatment technique? a. It has been proven effective. b. It has been subject to careful measurement criteria. c. It is basically unscientific. d. It is noted for consistency in analytic interpretation. 79. According to Anna Freud’s ego psychology, whe