Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 15th Edition by Tortora Derrickson - Test Bank

Package Title: Testbank Course Title: PAP15 Chapter Number: 02 Question type: Multiple Choice 1) What are the four major elements found in the chemicals that comprise the human body? a) nitrogen, oxygen, calcium, sodium b) hydrogen, carbon, phosphorus, calcium c) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen d) oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium e) potassium, phosphorus, sodium, hydrogen Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.1 Describe the main chemicals of the human body and the structures of the atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds. Study Objective 2: SO 2.1.1 Identify the main chemical elements of the human body. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.1 How Matter is Organized 2) The three types of subatomic particles that are important for understanding chemical reactions in the human body are a) neutrons, quarks, and muons. b) protons, neutrons, and electrons. c) muons, positons, and neutrons. d) electrons, quarks, and protons. e) positons, protons, and neutrons. Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.1 Describe the main chemicals of the human body and the structures of the atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds. Study Objective 2: SO 2.1.1 Identify the main chemical elements of the human body. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.1 How Matter is Organized 3) Which of the following subatomic particles has a neutral charge? a) neutron b) electron c) proton d) Both neutron and electron. e) All of these choices. Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.1 Describe the main chemicals of the human body and the structures of the atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds. Study Objective 2: SO 2.1.2 Describe the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, free radicals, and compounds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.1 How Matter is Organized 4) What region of an atom contains the protons and neutrons? a) cloud b) nucleus c) element d) ring e) shell Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.1 Describe the main chemicals of the human body and the structures of the atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds. Study Objective 2: SO 2.1.2 Describe the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, free radicals, and compounds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.1 How Matter is Organized 5) The number of protons in an atom is represented by an element’s a) mass number. b) atomic number. c) atomic mass. d) valence number. e) None of these choices. Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.1 Describe the main chemicals of the human body and the structures of the atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds. Study Objective 2: SO 2.1.2 Describe the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, free radicals, and compounds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.1 How Matter is Organized 6) The nucleus of unstable _____ of an element will decay leading to emission of radiation. a) compounds b) cations c) anions d) isotopes e) molecules Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.1 Describe the main chemicals of the human body and the structures of the atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds. Study Objective 2: SO 2.1.2 Describe the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, free radicals, and compounds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.1 How Matter is Organized 7) This refers to a weighted average of the atomic weights of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element. a) mass number b) atomic number c) atomic mass d) ionic mass e) covalent mass Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.1 Describe the main chemicals of the human body and the structures of the atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds. Study Objective 2: SO 2.1.2 Describe the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, free radicals, and compounds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.1 How Matter is Organized Question type: Essay 8) Briefly describe the octet rule. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.2 Explain how atoms form molecules and compounds, and describe the nature of the various types of bonds that join them. Study Objective 2: SO 2.2.1 Describe how valence electrons form chemical bonds. Study Objective 3: SO 2.2.2 Distinguish among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.2 Chemical Bonds Solution: One atom is more likely to combine with another atom if doing so will leave both atoms with eight electrons in their valence shells. Question type: Multiple Choice 9) Which of the following subatomic particles are shared by two atoms to form covalent bonds? 1. neutron 2. electron 3. proton a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 2 & 3 only e) 1, 2 & 3 Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.2 Explain how atoms form molecules and compounds, and describe the nature of the various types of bonds that join them. Study Objective 2: SO 2.2.1 Describe how valence electrons form chemical bonds. Study Objective 3: SO 2.2.2 Distinguish among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.2 Chemical Bonds 10) What is the name given to a negatively charged atom? a) superoxide b) isotope c) catalyst d) anion e) cation Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.2 Explain how atoms form molecules and compounds, and describe the nature of the various types of bonds that join them. Study Objective 2: SO 2.2.1 Describe how valence electrons form chemical bonds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.2 Chemical Bonds 11) A chemical that can conduct electrical current when dissolved in water is called a(n) a) isotope. b) isomer. c) compound. d) electrolyte e) valence molecule. Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.2 Explain how atoms form molecules and compounds, and describe the nature of the various types of bonds that join them. Study Objective 2: SO 2.2.1 Describe how valence electrons form chemical bonds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.2 Chemical Bonds 12) Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of valence electrons between two atoms? a) covalent b) ionic c) hydrogen d) atomic e) electronic Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.2 Explain how atoms form molecules and compounds, and describe the nature of the various types of bonds that join them. Study Objective 2: SO 2.2.1 Describe how valence electrons form chemical bonds. Study Objective 3: SO 2.2.2 Distinguish among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.2 Chemical Bonds 13) The chemical bonds formed between the atoms in a water molecule are called a) nonpolar covalent bonds. b) polar covalent bonds. c) hydrogen bonds. d) ionic bonds. e) atomic bonds. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.2 Explain how atoms form molecules and compounds, and describe the nature of the various types of bonds that join them. Study Objective 2: SO 2.2.1 Describe how valence electrons form chemical bonds. Study Objective 3: SO 2.2.2 Distinguish among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.2 Chemical Bonds Question type: Essay 14) Describe a hydrogen bond. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.2 Explain how atoms form molecules and compounds, and describe the nature of the various types of bonds that join them. Study Objective 2: SO 2.2.1 Describe how valence electrons form chemical bonds. Study Objective 3: SO 2.2.2 Distinguish among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.2 Chemical Bonds Solution: Hydrogen bonds form between a hydrogen atom that has partial positive charge and another atom, like oxygen or nitrogen, carrying partial negative charge. Question type: Multiple Choice 15) Which relatively weak type of bond helps stabilize the three dimensional structure of large molecules like proteins and DNA? a) nonpolar covalent b) polar covalent c) hydrogen d) ionic e) atomic Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.2 Explain how atoms form molecules and compounds, and describe the nature of the various types of bonds that join them. Study Objective 2: SO 2.2.1 Describe how valence electrons form chemical bonds. Study Objective 3: SO 2.2.2 Distinguish among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.2 Chemical Bonds 16) A chemical reaction involves interactions between the _____ of two different atoms. a) neutrons b) protons c) isotopes d) valence electrons e) ions Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.2 Explain how atoms form molecules and compounds, and describe the nature of the various types of bonds that join them. Study Objective 2: SO 2.2.1 Describe how valence electrons form chemical bonds. Study Objective 3: SO 2.2.2 Distinguish among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.2 Chemical Bonds 17) Which term is defined as the capacity to do work? a) metabolism b) electrolytes c) chemical reaction d) concentration e) energy Answer: e Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.3 Explain what happens when atoms combine with or separate from other atoms during a chemical reaction. Study Objective 2: SO 2.3.1 Define a chemical reaction. Study Objective 3: SO 2.3.2 Describe the various forms of energy. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.3 Chemical Reactions Question type: Essay 18) Describe the law of conservation of energy. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.3 Explain what happens when atoms combine with or separate from other atoms during a chemical reaction. Study Objective 2: SO 2.3.1 Define a chemical reaction. Study Objective 3: SO 2.3.2 Describe the various forms of energy. Section Reference 21: 2.3 Chemical Reactions Solution: Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it may be converted from one form to another form. Question type: Multiple Choice 19) Which type of chemical reaction will absorb more energy than it releases? a) exergonic b) endergonic c) potential d) kinetic e) activation Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.3 Explain what happens when atoms combine with or separate from other atoms during a chemical reaction. Study Objective 2: SO 2.3.1 Define a chemical reaction. Study Objective 3: SO 2.3.2 Describe the various forms of energy. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.3 Chemical Reactions 20) An enzyme acts to a) raise the activation energy needed to start the reaction. b) lower the activation energy needed to start the reaction. c) convert the activation energy into potential energy. d) convert the activation energy into kinetic energy. e) stop a chemical reaction. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.3 Explain what happens when atoms combine with or separate from other atoms during a chemical reaction. Study Objective 2: SO 2.3.1 Define a chemical reaction. Study Objective 3: SO 2.3.2 Describe the various forms of energy. Study Objective 4: SO 2.3.4 Describe the role of activation energy and catalysts in chemical reactions. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.3 Chemical Reactions Question type: Essay 21) List three factors that increase the rate of chemical reactions. Answer: Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 2.3 Explain what happens when atoms combine with or separate from other atoms during a chemical reaction. Study Objective 2: SO 2.3.1 Define a chemical reaction. Study Objective 3: SO 2.3.2 Describe the various forms of energy. Study Objective 4: SO 2.3.4 Describe the role of activation energy and catalysts in chemical reactions. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.3 Chemical Reactions Solution: Three factors that increase reaction rates are the presence of enzymes (catalysts), increased concentration of reactants, and increased temperature. Question type: Multiple Choice 22) Which type of chemical reaction combines reactants to produce larger products? a) synthesis b) decomposition c) potential d) exchange e) activated Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.3 Explain what happens when atoms combine with or separate from other atoms during a chemical reaction. Study Objective 2: SO 2.3.1 Define a chemical reaction. Study Objective 3: SO 2.3.5 Describe synthesis, decomposition, exchange, and reversible reactions. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.3 Chemical Reactions 23) Which type of chemical reaction breaks larger reactants into smaller products? a) synthesis b) decomposition c) potential d) exchange e) activated Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.3 Explain what happens when atoms combine with or separate from other atoms during a chemical reaction. Study Objective 2: SO 2.3.1 Define a chemical reaction. Study Objective 3: SO 2.3.5 Describe synthesis, decomposition, exchange, and reversible reactions. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.3 Chemical Reactions 24) What is the most abundant and most important inorganic compound in the body? a) water b) oxygen gas c) carbon dioxide d) glucose e) DNA Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.4 Explain the importance of water, salts, acids, and bases in the functioning of the human body. Study Objective 2: SO 2.4.1 Describe the properties of water and those of inorganic acids, bases, and salts. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions 25) A solute that readily dissolves in water is a) hydrophobic. b) hydrostatic. c) lipophilic. d) hydrophilic. e) hydrozone. Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.4 Explain the importance of water, salts, acids, and bases in the functioning of the human body. Study Objective 2: SO 2.4.1 Describe the properties of water and those of inorganic acids, bases, and salts. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions 26) In the body fluid compartments found in the human body, the solvent is a) glucose. b) lipids. c) carbon dioxide. d) water. e) electrolyte. Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.4 Explain the importance of water, salts, acids, and bases in the functioning of the human body. Study Objective 2: SO 2.4.1 Describe the properties of water and those of inorganic acids, bases, and salts. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions Question type: Essay 27) Describe the functions of water in the body. Answer: Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 2.4 Explain the importance of water, salts, acids, and bases in the functioning of the human body. Study Objective 2: SO 2.4.1 Describe the properties of water and those of inorganic acids, bases, and salts. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions Solution: Water is a solvent that allows transportation of solutes. Water acts in hydrolysis reactions to split reactants. Water can transport heat in the body and can be used to release heat from the body as occurs in sweating. Water is used as a lubricant, particularly in serous fluids like those surrounding the lungs and on mucosal membranes like those lining the gastrointestinal tract. Question type: Multiple Choice 28) A solution with a pH value less than 7 is a) basic. b) neutral. c) acidic. d) alkaline. e) concentrated. Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.4 Explain the importance of water, salts, acids, and bases in the functioning of the human body. Study Objective 2: SO 2.4.3 Define pH and explain the role of buffer systems in homeostasis. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions 29) A chemical compound that helps control the pH of a solution by adding or removing hydrogen ions is a(n) a) electrolyte. b) salt. c) cation. d) colloid. e) buffer. Answer: e Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.4 Explain the importance of water, salts, acids, and bases in the functioning of the human body. Study Objective 2: SO 2.4.3 Define pH and explain the role of buffer systems in homeostasis. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions 30) Which of the following is a proton donor? a) acid b) base c) salt d) organic compound e) colloid Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.4 Explain the importance of water, salts, acids, and bases in the functioning of the human body. Study Objective 2: SO 2.4.3 Define pH and explain the role of buffer systems in homeostasis. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions 31) Specific arrangements of atoms within an organic molecule that confer characteristic chemical properties upon that molecule are called a) hydrocarbon chains. b) polymers. c) carbon skeleton. d) functional groups. e) isomers. Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.1 Describe the functional groups of organic molecules. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds 32) Which of the following is a monosaccharide that is used by cells to produce energy? a) glucose b) sucrose c) lactose d) glycogen e) maltose Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.2 Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds 33) Which of the following is a polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of energy in muscle and liver cells? a) cellulose b) ribose c) lipids d) glucose e) glycogen Answer: e Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.2 Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds 34) This type of fatty acid contains more than one double bond in its hydrocarbon chain. a) saturated b) monounsaturated c) polyunsaturated d) volatile e) short chain Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.2 Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds 35) This type of lipid is the body’s primary long-term energy storage molecule. a) steroid b) phospholipid c) cholesterol d) triglyceride e) lipoprotein Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.2 Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds 36) This lipid is used by the body as a precursor for the production of steroid hormones. a) arachidonic acid b) phospholipid c) cholesterol d) triglyceride e) lipoprotein Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.2 Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds 37) Which of the following is NOT true about phospholipids? a) They contain a glycerol backbone. b) The head group is polar. c) The molecule is an important part of cell membranes. d) The tail groups are nonpolar. e) They are a major form of energy storage. Answer: e Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.2 Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds Question type: Essay 38) Describe the structural characteristics of an amino acid. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.2 Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds Solution: Amino acids contain a central carbon atom with 1) a hydrogen atom, 2) an amino group, 3) an acidic carboxyl group, and 4) a side chain attached to it. 39) List the six major functions of proteins. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.2 Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds Solution: Proteins have 1) structural, 2) regulatory, 3) contractile, 4) immunological, 5) transport, and 6) catalytic functions. Question type: Multiple Choice 40) The primary structure of a protein consists of a) alpha helices. b) beta-pleated sheets. c) three dimensional folded conformation. d) a sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. e) the overall folded conformation of the protein’s subunits. Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.2 Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds 41) Which of the following is NOT a property of enzymes? a) Enzymes are catalytic proteins. b) Enzymes are highly specific. c) Enzymes are efficient. d) Enzymes are subject to a variety of cellular controls. e) Enzymes are irreversibly changed by the reactions that they catalyze. Answer: e Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.2 Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds Question type: Essay 42) Describe what happens to a protein’s structure and function when it is denatured. Answer: Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.2 Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds Solution: During denaturation, the folded conformation of a protein unravels and loses its unique shape. Loss of that shape destroys the protein’s ability to accomplish its function. Question type: Multiple Choice 43) Which of the following is a common function of RNA? a) produce electrical impulses b) storage of energy c) transfer information for protein synthesis d) long-term storage of information for protein synthesis e) transport of fluids Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.3 Describe the structure and functions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds 44) Which of the following is the major function of DNA? a) catalyzes metabolic reactions b) storage of energy c) transfer information for protein synthesis d) long-term storage of information for protein synthesis e) transport of electrolytes Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.3 Describe the structure and functions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds 45) Which of the following describes the major function of ATP in cells? a) building block for the synthesis of proteins. b) transfers energy for cell functions c) transfers information for protein synthesis d) stores information for protein synthesis e) transports fluids Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.3 Describe the structure and functions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds 46) Which monomer is used to build RNA and DNA? a) fatty acid b) amino acid c) monosaccharide d) glycerol e) nucleotide Answer: e Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.3 Describe the structure and functions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds 47) In the diagram which particles are negatively charged? a) A b) B c) C d) All of these choices. e) None of these choices. Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.1 Describe the main chemicals of the human body and the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds. Study Objective 2: SO 2.1.2 Describe the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, free radicals, and compounds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.1 How Matter is Organized 48) In the diagram, removal of one or more of this type of subatomic particle would result in the formation of a cation? a) A b) B c) C d) All of these choices. e) None of these choices. Answer: b Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 2.1 Describe the main chemicals of the human body and the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds. Study Objective 2: SO 2.1.2 Describe the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, free radicals, and compounds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.1 How Matter is Organized Question type: Essay 49) What type of molecule is shown in the diagram? Where in a eukaryotic cell would this type of molecule be commonly found? What special chemical properties does this molecule possess that allows it to accomplish its functions? Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic compounds. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.1 Describe the functional groups of organic compounds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds Solution: This is a phospholipid found in the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells. It has a polar hydrophilic head group and a nonpolar hydrophobic tail group making it amphipathic. This chemical property allows it to form the lipid bilayer of the membrane with its polar group oriented on the surface of the membrane and its hydrophobic tails oriented away from the surrounding water in the interior of the lipid bilayer. 50) Describe what is happening at places 1, 2 and 3 in the diagram. Answer: Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.1 Describe the functional groups of organic molecules. Section Reference: 1. 2.5 Organic Compounds Solution: This figure represents how an enzyme works. At number one, the enzyme and substrate come together at the active site of the enzyme forming the enzyme-substrate complex. At number two, the enzyme catalyzes the reaction and transforms the substrate into products, which are then released from the enzyme. At number three, the reaction is complete and the enzyme remains unchanged and free to catalyze the same reaction again on a new substrate. Question type: Multiple Choice 51) Which of the labeled structures are found in DNA but not RNA? 1 A 2 B 3 C 4 E a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 4 only e) 1 and 4 Answer: e Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.1 Describe the functional groups of organic molecules. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds Question type: Essay 52) What is the difference between atomic mass, mass number and atomic number? Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.1 Describe the main chemicals of the human body and the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds. Study Objective 2: SO 2.1.2 Describe the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, free radicals, and compounds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.1 How Matter is Organized Solution: Atomic number is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. Atomic mass is the weighted average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes of the atom. Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons found in an atom. 53) In the diagram, what pH value represents an acidic solution? a) 12 b) 10 c) 8 d) 6 e) None of these choices. Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.4 Explain the importance of water, salts, acids, and bases in the functioning of the human body. Study Objective 2: SO 2.4.3 Define pH and explain the role of buffer systems in homeostasis. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions 54) In the diagram, what would happen to the concentration of C if the concentration of A increases? a) increases b) decreases c) no change Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.1 Describe the functional groups of organic molecules. Section Reference: 1. 2.5 Organic Compounds Question type: Multiple Choice 55) Which of the following describes the major significance of the element carbon in the human body? a) ionized form makes body fluids acidic b) constituent of water c) forms backbone of all organic molecules d) required to harden the structure of bones and teeth e) ionized form is the part of hemoglobin that carries oxygen Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.1 Describe the main chemicals of the human body and the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds. Study Objective 2: SO 2.1.1 Identify the main chemical elements of the human body. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.1 How Matter is Organized 56) Which of the following describes the major significance of the element chlorine in the human body? a) ionized form makes body fluids acidic b) ionized form is most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid c) forms backbone of all organic molecules d) required for bone and tooth structure e) ionized form is most plentiful cation in extracellular fluid Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.1 Describe the main chemicals of the human body and the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds. Study Objective 2: SO 2.1.1 Identify the main chemical elements of the human body. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.1 How Matter is Organized 57) Which of the following describes the major significance of the element nitrogen in the human body? a) ionized form makes body fluids acidic b) ionized form is most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid c) ionized form is needed for action of many enzymes d) is a component of all proteins and nucleic acids e) ionized form is most plentiful cation in extracellular fluid Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.1 Describe the main chemicals of the human body and the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds. Study Objective 2: SO 2.1.1 Identify the main chemical elements of the human body. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.1 How Matter is Organized 58) Which of the following can lower the amount of free radicals in the body? a) x-rays b) ultraviolet radiation c) oxygen d) carbon tetrachloride e) antioxidants Answer: e Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.1 Describe the main chemicals of the human body and the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds. Study Objective 2: SO 2.1.2 Describe the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, free radicals, and compounds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.1 How Matter is Organized 59) Which of the following substances has a pH closest to 7.0? a) lye b) vaginal fluid c) gastric juice d) cerebrospinal fluid e) milk of magnesia Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.4 Apply the properties of water, inorganic acids, bases and salts to the properties of solutions, colloids and suspensions and the role of pH in buffer systems. Study Objective 2: SO 2.4.3 Define pH and explain the role of buffer systems in homeostasis. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions 60) Which of the following carbohydrates is a disaccharide? a) ribose b) lactose c) galactose d) glycogen e) cellulose Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.2 Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds 61) Which of the following carbohydrates is a polysaccharide? a) ribose b) lactose c) glycogen d) maltose e) galactose Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.2 Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds 62) This type of lipid is used by the body for insulation. a) phospholipids b) triglycerides c) bile salts d) sex hormones e) carotenes Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.2 Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds 63) This type of protein is involved with shortening of muscle cells to produce movement. a) contractile b) structural c) regulatory d) catalytic e) transport Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.2 Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds 64) This type of protein protects against pathogens. a) contractile b) immunological c) regulatory d) catalytic e) transport Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.2 Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds 65) Surface tension of an aqueous solution is generated by the presence of _____ between water molecules. a) covalent bonds b) ionic bonds c) hydrogen bonds d) ester links e) None of these choices. Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.2 Explain how atoms form molecules and compounds, and describe the nature of the various types of bonds that join them. Study Objective 2: SO 2.2.1 Describe how valence electrons form chemical bonds. Study Objective 3: SO 2.2.2 Distinguish among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.2 Chemical Bonds Question type: Essay 66) Define mixture and then distinguish between the three types of mixtures called solutions, colloids and suspensions. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.4 Explain the importance of water, salts, acids, and bases in the functioning of the human body. Study Objective 2: SO 2.4.2 Distinguish among solutions, colloids, and suspensions. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions Solution: A mixture is a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds. A solution is a mixture where the solutes are evenly dispersed among the solvent molecules. Solutions have a clear appearance. Colloids are like solutions except the solutes are big enough to scatter light. A colloid appears translucent or opaque. Suspensions are mixtures where the suspended material will eventually settle out. Question type: Multiple Choice 67) An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell is called a(n) a) compound. b) free radical. c) ion. d) molecule. Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.1 Describe the main chemicals of the human body and the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds. Study Objective 2: SO 2.1.2 Describe the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, free radicals, and compounds Section Reference 1: Sec 2.1 How Matter is Organized Question type: Essay 68) Why is the human digestive system unable to digest cellulose? Answer: Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 2.5 Describe the importance of carbon and functional groups in the structure of organic molecules. Study Objective 2: SO 2.5.2 Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.5 Organic Compounds Solution: Human digestive system lacks the enzyme to recognize the structure and break the bonds that hold this polysaccharide together. Question type: Multiple Choice 69) A triple covalent bond is formed between atoms sharing _____ valence electrons. a) one b) two c) three d) six e) eight Answer: d Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 2.2 Explain how atoms form molecules and compounds, and describe the nature of the various types of bonds that join them. Study Objective 2: SO 2.2.1 Describe how valence electrons form chemical bonds. Study Objective 3: SO 2.2.2 Distinguish among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.2 Chemical Bonds 70) In a polar covalent bond, the atom that has the most electronegativity will have a a) full negative charge (-1). b) full positive charge (+1). c) partial negative charge. d) partial positive charge. e) neutral charge. Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.2 Explain how atoms form molecules and compounds, and describe the nature of the various types of bonds that join them. Study Objective 2: SO 2.2.1 Describe how valence electrons form chemical bonds. Study Objective 3: SO 2.2.2 Distinguish among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.2 Chemical Bonds 71) Which of the following is a general term used to refer to the sum of all the chemical reactions occurring in the body? a) anabolism b) catabolism c) metabolism d) catalysis e) homeostasis Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.2. Explain how atoms form molecules and compounds, and describe the nature of the various types of bonds that join them. Study Objective 2: SO 2.2.1 Describe how valence electrons form chemical bonds. Study Objective 3: SO 2.2.2 Distinguish among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.2 Chemical Bonds 72) The energy stored in the bonds of the molecules in the foods that humans eat is 1. a form of kinetic energy. 2. a form of potential energy. 3. referred to as chemical energy. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 2 and 3 e) All of these choices Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.2 Explain how atoms form molecules and compounds, and describe the nature of the various types of bonds that join them. Study Objective 2: SO 2.2.2 Distinguish among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.3 Chemical Reactions 73) The initial energy “investment” needed to start a chemical reaction in a cell is called the a) energy of products. b) energy of reactants. c) potential energy. d) Gibb’s free energy. e) activation energy. Answer: e Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 2.2 Explain how atoms form molecules and compounds, and describe the nature of the various types of bonds that join them. Study Objective 2: SO 2.2.2 Distinguish among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.3 Chemical reactions 74) All of the following are characteristics of anabolism EXCEPT: a) It involves synthesizing new biomolecules. b) It primarily involves endergonic reactions. c) It releases large amounts of energy. d) An example of anabolism is linking amino acids together to form proteins. e) An example is the formation of two ammonia molecules from one nitrogen molecule and three hydrogen molecules. Answer: c Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 2.2 Explain how atoms form molecules and compounds, and describe the nature of the various types of bonds that join them. Study Objective 2: SO 2.2.2 Distinguish among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.3 Chemical reactions 75) AB + CD → AD + BC is a general example of a(n) _____ reaction. a) decomposition b) synthesis c) exchange d) reversible e) catalyzed Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 2.3 Explain what happens when atoms combine with or separate from other atoms during a chemical reaction. Study Objective 2: SO 2.3.5 Describe synthesis, decomposition, exchange, and reversible reactions. Section Reference 1: Sec 2.3 Chemical reactions Package Title: Testbank Course Title: pap15 Chapter Number: 05 Question type: Multiple Choice 1) Another name for the subcutaneous layer is a) Dermis b) Epidermis c) Stratum corneum d) Stratum basale e) Hypodermis Answer: e Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the general structure of skin. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.1 Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin 2) Which layer of the skin is composed of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium? a) Epidermis b) Dermis c) Hypodermis d) Subcutaneous layer e) Corpuscle Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the general structure of skin. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.1 Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin 3) Keratin a) is a protein. b) is secreted by plasma cells to help protect the body from viruses. c) is made by melanocytes only. d) is both a protein and made by melanocytes only. e) All of these choices are correct. Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the general structure of skin. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.1 Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin 4) Which pigment secreted by specialized cells in the skin is capable of absorbing ultraviolet light? a) Keratin b) Melanin c) Melatonin d) Carotene e) Collagen Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the general structure of skin. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.1 Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin 5) Which epidermal cell has a role in immunity and disease resistance? a) Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells) b) Keratinocytes c) Melanocytes d) Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells) e) Podocytes Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the general structure of skin. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.1 Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin 6) Which layer of the epidermis is composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes? a) Stratum basale b) Stratum spinosum c) Stratum granulosum d) Stratum lucidum e) Stratum corneum Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the general structure of skin. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.1 Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin 7) Which layer of the epidermis contains layers of flattened keratinocytes that are going through apoptosis? a) Stratum basale b) Stratum spinosum c) Stratum granulosum d) Stratum lucidum e) Stratum corneum Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the general structure of skin. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.1 Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin 8) The stratum lucidum a) contains lamellar granules. b) lies just above the stratum basale. c) is the layer used in a skin graft. d) is present only in thick skin. e) can consist of up to 25-30 layers of dead keratinocytes. Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the general structure of skin. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.1 Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin 9) Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates the formation of a callus, which is the thickening of the _____ of the epidermis. a) stratum basale b) stratum spinosum c) stratum granulosum d) stratum lucidum e) stratum corneum Answer: e Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the general structure of skin. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.1 Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin 10) The process of keratinization involves a) synthesizing new pigment in the skin. b) cells accumulating a tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin. c) changes occurring in thin skin only. d) both synthesizing new pigment in the skin and cells accumulating a tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin. e) none of these answer choices are correct. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the general structure of skin. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.1 Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin 11) Which layer of the skin is composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers? a) Hypodermis b) Basement membrane c) Epidermis d) Dermis e) Subcutaneous (subQ) layer Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the general structure of skin. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.2 Compare the composition of the papillary and reticular regions of the dermis. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin Question type: Essay 12) Describe how fingerprints are formed and what they are used for. Answer: Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the general structure of skin. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.2 Compare the composition of the papillary and reticular regions of the dermis. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin Solution: epidermal ridges develop during the third or fourth fetal month as the epidermis conforms to the contours of the underlying dermal papillae of the papillary region. The ridges increase the surface area of the epidermis and thus increase the grip of the hand or foot by increasing friction. Because the ducts of sweat glands open on the tops of the epidermal ridges as sweat pores, the sweat and ridges form fingerprints upon touching a smooth object. The epidermal ridge pattern is genetically determined and is unique for each individual allowing these patterns to be used to identify individuals. Question type: Multiple Choice 13) Albinism is the inherited inability to produce a) melanin. b) carotene. c) both melanin and carotene. d) keratin. e) creatinine. Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the general structure of skin. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.3 Explain the basis for different skin colors. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin 14) Characteristics of thick skin include: a) Found in the palms, soles of the feet and fingertips. b) Does not contain hair follicles. c) Contains more sweat glands than thin skin. d) Contain epidermal ridges. e) All of these choices are correct Answer: e Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.3 Compare structural and functional differences in thin and thick skin. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.3 Types of Skin 15) Which of the following structures found in the skin plays an important role in thermoregulation? a) Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells) b) Sebaceous glands c) Sweat glands d) Nails e) Fingerprints Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: LO 5.4 Describe how the skin contributes to the regulation of body temperature, storage of blood, protection, sensation, excretion and absorption, and synthesis of vitamin D. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.4 Functions of the Skin 16) Which of the following structures found in the skin help prevent water loss and inhibit bacterial growth on the surface of the skin? a) Arrector pili b) Lunula c) Sweat glands d) Hair follicles e) Oil glands Answer: e Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.4 Describe how the skin contributes to the regulation of body temperature, storage of blood, protection, sensation, excretion and absorption, and synthesis of vitamin D. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.4 Functions of the Skin Question type: Essay 17) Describe the structure and function of arrector pili. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the composition of the epidermis and dermis. Study Objective 2: SO 5.2 Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails. Study Objective 3: SO 5.1.2 Compare the composition of the papillary and reticular regions of the dermis. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin Section Reference 2: Sec5.2 Accessory structures of the Skin Solution: Arrector pili are smooth muscles that extend from the superficial dermis of the skin to the dermal root sheath around the side of the hair follicle. In its normal position, hair emerges at an angle to the surface of the skin. Under physiological or emotional stress, such as cold or fright, autonomic nerve endings stimulate the arrector pili muscle to contract, which pulls the hair shafts perpendicular to the skin surface. This action causes “goose bumps” because the skin around the shaft forms slight elevations. Question type: Multiple Choice 18) This is fine non-pigmented hair that covers the body of the fetus. a) Alopecia b) Vellus c) Lanugo d) Papilla e) Lunula Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 5.2 Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 19) This type of exocrine gland is a simple, branched acinar gland connected to a hair follicle. a) Sebaceous gland b) Sudoriferous gland c) Both sebaceous gland and sudoriferous gland d) None of these answers are correct Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.2 Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 20) Which of the following is a mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins and inorganic salts? a) Sweat b) Lanugo c) Vellus d) Sebum e) Mucus Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.2 Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 21) Which type of exocrine gland is a simple, coiled tubular gland that is found throughout almost the entirety of the skin? a) Sebaceous gland b) Eccrine sweat gland c) Apocrine sweat gland d) Ceruminous gland e) None of these answer choices are correct. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.2 Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin Question type: Essay 22) List and briefly describe the major functions of the skin. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.4 Describe how the skin contributes to the regulation of body temperature, storage of blood, protection, sensation, excretion and absorption, and synthesis of vitamin D. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.4 Functions of the Skin Solution: The functions of the skin include: 1) Thermoregulation: The skin thermoregulates in response to increased temperature by secreting sweat onto its surface and then increasing blood flow to the surface leading to cooling of the blood. In response to low temperatures, production of sweat is decreased and blood flow is diverted from surface to conserve heat. 2) The skin contains 8-10% of the blood and thus serves as a blood reservoir. 3) The skin covers the body and provides protection using keratin, lipids, secretions like oil and sweat, and immunological defenses. 4) The skin can detect and respond to cutaneous sensations. 5) The skin helps in excretion and absorption. 6) The skin also can synthesize vitamin D. 23) Briefly describe the steps in epidermal wound healing. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.5 Explain how epidermal wounds and deep wounds heal. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing Solution: In response to an epidermal injury, basal cells of the epidermis surrounding the wound break contact with the basement membrane. The cells then enlarge and migrate across the wound. The cells appear to migrate as a sheet. When epidermal cells encounter each other they stop migrating due to contact inhibition. Migration of the epidermal cells stops completely when each is finally in contact with other epidermal cells on all sides. Epidermal growth factor is also secreted to stimulate the basal stem cells to divide and replace the ones that have moved into the wound. Epidermal cell division eventually regenerates the strata of the epidermis. 24) Briefly describe the steps in deep wound healing. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.5 Explain how epidermal wounds and deep wounds heal. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing Solution: In deep wound healing, a blood clot forms during the inflammatory response and loosely unites the wound edges. Then in the migratory phase the clot becomes a scab and epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab to bridge the wound. Fibroblasts migrate along fibrin threads and begin synthesizing scar tissue and damaged blood vessels begin to regrow. During this phase, the tissue filling the wound is called granulation tissue. The proliferative phase is characterized by extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath the scab, deposition by fibroblasts of collagen fibers in random patterns, and continued growth of blood vessels. During the maturation phase, the scab sloughs off once the epidermis has been restored to normal thickness. Collagen fibers become more organized, fibroblasts decrease in number and blood vessels are restored to normal. Question type: Multiple Choice 25) In which type of scar does the scar tissue extend beyond the boundary of the injury into normal tissue? a) Hypertrophic scar b) Keloid scar c) Proliferative scar d) Inhibitory scar e) Granuloma Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.5 Explain how epidermal wounds and deep wounds heal. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing 26) In the diagram of skin shown below, where is the sebaceous gland? a) C b) D c) E d) F e) H Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.2 Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 27) In the diagram of skin shown below, where is the apocrine sweat gland? a) C b) D c) E d) F e) H Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.2 Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 28) In the diagram of skin shown below, which labeled structure generates fingerprints? a) A b) B c) G d) H e) None of these answer choices are correct. Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the composition of the epidermis and dermis. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.1 Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin 29) In the diagram of skin shown below, where is the reticular region of the dermis? a) E b) F c) G d) H e) A Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the composition of the epidermis and dermis. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.1 Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin 30) In the diagram of skin shown below, where is the arrector pili muscle? a) C b) D c) E d) F e) G Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the composition of the epidermis and dermis. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.1 Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin 31) In the photomicrograph of a portion of thick skin shown below, which layer is the stratum spinosum? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the general structure of the skin. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.1 Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin 32) In the photomicrograph of a portion of thick skin shown below, which layer is only seen in thick skin? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the general structure of the skin. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.1 Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin 33) In the photomicrograph of a portion of thick skin shown below, which layer is the stratum basale? a) A b) B c) D d) E e) F Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the general structure of the skin. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.1 Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin 34) In the diagram of a hair root shown, where is the cortex? a) B b) C c) D d) E e) F Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.2 Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 35) In the diagram of a hair root shown, where is the dermal root sheath? a) C b) D c) E d) F e) G Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.2 Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 36) In the diagram of a hair root shown, where is the cuticle of the hair? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.2 Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 37) In the figure of a sagittal section of a fingernail shown, where is the eponychium (cuticle)? a) A b) B c) E d) F e) G Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.2 Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 38) In the figure of a sagittal section of a fingernail shown, where is the hyponychium (nail bed)? a) B b) C c) E d) F e) G Answer: e Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.2 Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 39) In the figure of a sagittal section of a fingernail shown below, where is the nail root? a) A b) C c) E d) F e) G Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.2 Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 40) In the figure of a sagittal section of a fingernail shown below, where is the nail matrix? a) A b) C c) E d) F e) G Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.2 Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 41) In the figure of a sagittal section of a fingernail shown, where is the lunula? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.2 Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 42) Which of the following best describes the events occurring at point B in the diagram of deep wound healing shown below? a) Blood clot is forming. b) New collagen fibers are forming. c) Damaged blood vessels are being repaired. d) Epithelium is migrating across wound. e) Scar tissue is forming. Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.5 Explain how epidermal wounds and deep wounds heal. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing 43) Which of the labeled cells in the diagram of deep wound healing shown below has phagocytic properties? a) C b) E c) F d) All of these answer choices are correct. e) Both E and F Answer: e Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 5.5 Explain how epidermal wounds and deep wounds heal. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing 44) Which of the following best describes the events occurring at point A in the diagram of deep wound healing shown below? a) Blood clot is forming. b) New collagen fibers are forming. c) Damaged blood vessels are being repaired. d) Epithelium is migrating across wound. e) Scar tissue is forming. Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 5.5 Explain how epidermal wounds and deep wounds heal. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing Question type: Essay 45) Describe the structural characteristics of the epidermis that contribute to its ability to protect the surface of an animal. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.1 Describe the composition of the epidermis and dermis. Study Objective 2: SO 5.1.1 Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.1 Structure of the Skin Solution: Multiple layers of cells in stratified squamous epithelium help resist friction. Keratin of intermediate filaments provides strength to tissue by binding cells tightly together and to underlying tissue, thus creating a barrier to microbes. Lamellar granules of keratinocytes produce a lipid rich, water repellent (sealant) to protect from dehydration and entry of foreign materials. Melanin, produced by melanocytes, protects underlying tissue from UV light. Sebum secreted onto the surface helps protect from dehydration and microbial invasion. Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells) participate in immune response to microbial invasion. 46) Describe the major differences between thin skin and thick skin. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 5.3 Compare structural and functional differences in thin and thick skin. Section Reference 1: Sec 5.3 Types of Skin Solution: Thick skin is found on palms, palmar surfaces of digits, and soles, while thin skin is found in all other areas. Thick skin is 4-5× thicker than thin skin. The stratum lucidum is present exclusively in thick skin. Also, the stratum spinosum and stratum corneum are thicker i