Summary AQA BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES AS LEVEL

There four main
types of biological molecule which found all
are are in
organisms :



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Monomersandym
Most
carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids are
polymers
•
, .




of include monosaccharides and nucleotides
•

Examples monomers , amino acids .




used make
•
GCSE Chemistry
:
Condensation polymerisation reactions are to polymers .




Polymers can be broken down into monomers
by hydrolysis reactions .




Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
carbohydates contain the elements Carbon , Hydrogen and
Oxygen .




•
Carbohydrate is a polymer made from monomers called monosaccharides , like
glucose fructose
,




and galactose ③ Call of them are
.
hexose monosaccharides)


•
General formula for monosaccharides : Glucose
1- Fructose
-



( CH20)n




{
monosaccharides \
]6a%g%
Galactose
Carbohydrates / "




\
:
-




simple carbs'
-
Disaccharides
J sugars
carbs
Polysaccharides ⇐ complex
Type of

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Glyceraldehyde ↳ He 03
4 Tetrose C4 HG04
5
6
Pentose
HEXOSE
↳ Hoo,
( 6 Hiz Of
TII%[%e
GIuco→



CgH
Therese monosacchar.de with 6 carbon atoms
sugar
-
a

There
types of glucose glucose and

p-glucose.CH
•
are two : -




OH
CHZOH
,




Jaggers
I
1 O

I
-



H



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O
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-

,
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µ



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1 1 I
H
I
OH
H
OH
glucose
( different
structural form)
a-
glucose
=
B-glucose
=

, Carbon Carbon




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OH
OH


Glucose beta Glucose
alpha
-

-




makingandbreakingpolysacharri.de#
Monomers
-
Polymers
-



condensation
-




0+0
-
0-0 + Hao
-

hydrolysis

synanymtorememberbiomole-esee.me
• CHO CHO CHON CHONP
t t t t
Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon

Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen
oxygen oxygen oxygen oxygen
Nitrogen Nitrogen
Phosphorus

Reducingsugars-wnataretheyl.TT hence could form glycosidic
bond
µ
The ( from if
H
Hydrogen ) could dissociate the carbon
ring
it IS a
reducing sugar
•

.




Maltose ✓
Reducing sugar
.




Lactose V
Reducing sugar
.




sucrose X Sucrose and cannot form
Non
reducing polysaccharide
sucrose
'


→ a
sugar
-




Reducing sugar turns Benedict's the
hydrogen could not dissociate and old
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as ↳

solution ( positive
red test ) not form a
glycosidic bond .