Carbohydrates
- A polymer is a long chained unit made up of repeated monomers
-A monomer is what makes polymers.
Starch is a long chained carbohydrates. Sugars are short chained carbohydrates.
Examples of monomers are: glucose, ribose and fructose
Examples of disaccharides are maltose, lactose, sucrose
Examples of polymers are: cellulose, glycogen and starch.
Monosaccharides are sweet and soluble - same with disaccharides. Polymers are not sugars.
Alpha glucose and Beta Glucose:
When 2 molecules of alpha glucose react a disaccharide, maltose is produced - and a 1- 4
glycosidic bond is formed between the monomers.
Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formulae but different structures.
glucose + fructose = sucrose
glucose + galactose = lactose
Fructose and galactose are both hexose molecules. Ribose and deoxyribose are pentose
sugars.
Starch is a polysaccharide made from branched and unbranched chains of alpha glucose.
Glycogen is a polysaccharide made from branched alpha glucose molecules. Cellulose is a
polysaccharide made from unbranched beta glucose chains.
Hydrolysis reactions break apart polymers into monomers. A hydrolysis reaction breaks the
chemical bond using a water molecule.
Benedicts Test:
Reducing sugars are all monosaccharides and some disaccharides. Non reducing sugars firstly
need to be broken into monosaccharides. This is done by adding HCl to the solution and
heating it to boil in a test tube. It then needs to be neutralised with NaHCO3.
The higher the concentration of the reducing sugar the further the colour change goes. Blue-
Green-Yellow-Orange-Red
Starch:
Cells store excess glucose as starch. Glucose is used for energy. Starch is a mixture of 2
polysaccharides of alpha glucose- (Amylose) and (Amylopectin).
- A polymer is a long chained unit made up of repeated monomers
-A monomer is what makes polymers.
Starch is a long chained carbohydrates. Sugars are short chained carbohydrates.
Examples of monomers are: glucose, ribose and fructose
Examples of disaccharides are maltose, lactose, sucrose
Examples of polymers are: cellulose, glycogen and starch.
Monosaccharides are sweet and soluble - same with disaccharides. Polymers are not sugars.
Alpha glucose and Beta Glucose:
When 2 molecules of alpha glucose react a disaccharide, maltose is produced - and a 1- 4
glycosidic bond is formed between the monomers.
Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formulae but different structures.
glucose + fructose = sucrose
glucose + galactose = lactose
Fructose and galactose are both hexose molecules. Ribose and deoxyribose are pentose
sugars.
Starch is a polysaccharide made from branched and unbranched chains of alpha glucose.
Glycogen is a polysaccharide made from branched alpha glucose molecules. Cellulose is a
polysaccharide made from unbranched beta glucose chains.
Hydrolysis reactions break apart polymers into monomers. A hydrolysis reaction breaks the
chemical bond using a water molecule.
Benedicts Test:
Reducing sugars are all monosaccharides and some disaccharides. Non reducing sugars firstly
need to be broken into monosaccharides. This is done by adding HCl to the solution and
heating it to boil in a test tube. It then needs to be neutralised with NaHCO3.
The higher the concentration of the reducing sugar the further the colour change goes. Blue-
Green-Yellow-Orange-Red
Starch:
Cells store excess glucose as starch. Glucose is used for energy. Starch is a mixture of 2
polysaccharides of alpha glucose- (Amylose) and (Amylopectin).
