On a local scale, water and carbon cycle are
open system = system which has external closed sytem = have transfers of e
open systems BUT on a global, they are
boundaries inputs and external outputs of both energy both into and beyond the system b
closed systems
AND matter (e.g drainage basin) but NOT transfer of matter (e.g. Ea
limits to the system (e.g watershed)
transfers outputs
inputs systems compose of
where energy/matter moves through the where energy/matter leaves the sy
where energy/matter is added to the system
system
stores
+F process that increases effects o
water cycle inputs where matter/energy builds up in the water cycle transfers
in a system
system
• precipitation [any wtr that falls the • infiltration [process of wtr moving from
-often, the consequences are more
surface of the earth from the rain e.g above ground into the soil]
rain, snow and hail (not rainfall)]
• percolation [wtr moves from ground/soil
water cycle stores into porous rock or rock fractures]
• soil wtr [stored in soil, utilised by plants] • throughflow [wtr through soil into CO2
streams or rivers]
• groundwtr [stored in the pore spaces of
rocks] • surface runoff/overland flow [wtr flows
above the ground]
• river channel [stored in a river] Warmer atmos
• groundwtr flow [wtr moves htrough the
• interception [temporarily stored ontop
rocks]
of plant's branches/leaves]
• streamflow [water moves through
• surface storage [stored in puddles,
established channels]
dynamic equilibrium ponds and lakes] W
• stemflow [wtr intercepted by trees and
plants, flowing through stems, leaf,
branch]
Systems in physical
inputs = outputs
(despite changing geography: systems
conditions) concepts and their CO2 increases
lack of change in a
application to the water carbon cycle transfers
system - inputs and
outputs remain in and carbon cycles inputs – • photosynthesis
balance over a long outputs, energy, • respiration
perioud of time
stores/components,
• decomposition
flows/transfers,
• combustion
positive/negative
feedback, dynamic • diffusion into oceans
, where earth's water is found atmos
• 97.5% oceans (saline) 8% wtr vapour (easily accessible surface
freshwater)
• 2.5% freshwater
>found in gaseous state
>produced from evaporation of liquid wtr
freshwater >OR produced from sublimation of ice
• 79% ice caps and glaciers wtr vapour is important bc:
• 20% groundwtr • greenhouse gas that absorbs, scatters
and reflects incoming solar energy and
• 1% easily accessible surface wtr
outgoing terrestrial energy - plays a role
in modifying the climate
• redistributes water around the globe
easily accessible surface wtr
• helps to “clean” the air - removing
• 62% lakes impurities when it rains
• 28% soil moisture
• 8% atmospheric wtr vapour ! Warmer air can hold more water vapour
that cooler air
• 1% rivers
>a 1°C increase in the air temperature = 7%
• 1% accessible wtr in plants
increase in atmospheric water content
[also, permafrost, swamps, marshes, living
organisms]
litho
3% earth's terrestrial surface wtr wtr can be stored in four areas
wtr stored in the crust and the upper mantle
bio
as terrestrial wtr:
• surface wtr - free-flowing water of
streams and rivers/ponds and lakes
(62%lakes, 1%rivers)
• ground wtr - water held in saturated
strata below/aquifers
• soil wtr - water held in association with
air in unsaturated superficial layers of
the earth (28%soil moisture)
cryosphere
• biological wtr - all of the water stored in
all of the frozen water in the Earth's system (79% ice caps and glaciers) plant and animal matter on Earth (1%
open system = system which has external closed sytem = have transfers of e
open systems BUT on a global, they are
boundaries inputs and external outputs of both energy both into and beyond the system b
closed systems
AND matter (e.g drainage basin) but NOT transfer of matter (e.g. Ea
limits to the system (e.g watershed)
transfers outputs
inputs systems compose of
where energy/matter moves through the where energy/matter leaves the sy
where energy/matter is added to the system
system
stores
+F process that increases effects o
water cycle inputs where matter/energy builds up in the water cycle transfers
in a system
system
• precipitation [any wtr that falls the • infiltration [process of wtr moving from
-often, the consequences are more
surface of the earth from the rain e.g above ground into the soil]
rain, snow and hail (not rainfall)]
• percolation [wtr moves from ground/soil
water cycle stores into porous rock or rock fractures]
• soil wtr [stored in soil, utilised by plants] • throughflow [wtr through soil into CO2
streams or rivers]
• groundwtr [stored in the pore spaces of
rocks] • surface runoff/overland flow [wtr flows
above the ground]
• river channel [stored in a river] Warmer atmos
• groundwtr flow [wtr moves htrough the
• interception [temporarily stored ontop
rocks]
of plant's branches/leaves]
• streamflow [water moves through
• surface storage [stored in puddles,
established channels]
dynamic equilibrium ponds and lakes] W
• stemflow [wtr intercepted by trees and
plants, flowing through stems, leaf,
branch]
Systems in physical
inputs = outputs
(despite changing geography: systems
conditions) concepts and their CO2 increases
lack of change in a
application to the water carbon cycle transfers
system - inputs and
outputs remain in and carbon cycles inputs – • photosynthesis
balance over a long outputs, energy, • respiration
perioud of time
stores/components,
• decomposition
flows/transfers,
• combustion
positive/negative
feedback, dynamic • diffusion into oceans
, where earth's water is found atmos
• 97.5% oceans (saline) 8% wtr vapour (easily accessible surface
freshwater)
• 2.5% freshwater
>found in gaseous state
>produced from evaporation of liquid wtr
freshwater >OR produced from sublimation of ice
• 79% ice caps and glaciers wtr vapour is important bc:
• 20% groundwtr • greenhouse gas that absorbs, scatters
and reflects incoming solar energy and
• 1% easily accessible surface wtr
outgoing terrestrial energy - plays a role
in modifying the climate
• redistributes water around the globe
easily accessible surface wtr
• helps to “clean” the air - removing
• 62% lakes impurities when it rains
• 28% soil moisture
• 8% atmospheric wtr vapour ! Warmer air can hold more water vapour
that cooler air
• 1% rivers
>a 1°C increase in the air temperature = 7%
• 1% accessible wtr in plants
increase in atmospheric water content
[also, permafrost, swamps, marshes, living
organisms]
litho
3% earth's terrestrial surface wtr wtr can be stored in four areas
wtr stored in the crust and the upper mantle
bio
as terrestrial wtr:
• surface wtr - free-flowing water of
streams and rivers/ponds and lakes
(62%lakes, 1%rivers)
• ground wtr - water held in saturated
strata below/aquifers
• soil wtr - water held in association with
air in unsaturated superficial layers of
the earth (28%soil moisture)
cryosphere
• biological wtr - all of the water stored in
all of the frozen water in the Earth's system (79% ice caps and glaciers) plant and animal matter on Earth (1%
