Histology Pathophysiology
Anaemia : Reduced haemoglobin concentration (oxygen carrying capacity)
Red Blood Cells (RBC) : Transport oxygen (bound to in the blood
haemoglobin) + carbon dioxide around the body
Common condition affecting :
No Nucleus or Mitochondria Women - 10%
Full of haemoglobin Men - 2-5 %
Biconcave disks
Causes / Classifications :
Low hematocrit
Low RBC count
Small pale RBC
Treatment
Dependant on cause
•Stop / address any bleeding Causes
•Iron rich foods, iron supplements, iron injections
•Folate / B12 rich foods, supplements, B12 injections
ANAEMIA
•Blood transfusion Acute bleeding : Trauma / surgery
Chronic bleeding : Heavy menstruation
Iron deficiency : Dietary / Malabsorption / Pregnancy
Folate or Vitamin B12 deficiency : Dietary / Malabsorption
Premature destruction of RBC : Haemolysis (sickle cell)
Diagnosis
Hb concentration <120g/L
Cause + class Signs + Symptoms
Size/ Colour / Count of RBCs
Pallor
•Acute bleeding – low RBC count, normal size / colour Fatigue
•Chronic bleeding – depends on resulting deficiency Tachycardia
•Iron deficiency – normal count, small pale RBCs Shortness of breath
•Folate / B12 deficiency - normal/low count, large RBCs
-Haemolysis - low count, normal size / colour Severe anaemia : heart attack / angina / fainting
, Histology
Pathophysiology
5 types of WBC : lymphocyte , monocyte ,
neutrophil , basophil , eosinophil
Leukaemia : Uncontrolled growth of one WBC type in the bone
Fewer / larger than RBCs ~24μm marrow
Deficiencies of WBCs eg. Neutropenia
•Autoimmune disorders
•Infections
•Leukaemia – cancer of the WBCs
Treatment
Chemotherapy
Causes
Usually uknown
Bone marrow transplant Ocassionally :
LEUKAEMIA
Chemicals
Radiation
Genetic
Smoking
Virus
Diagnosis Signs + Symptoms
Increase in affected WBC type Overcrowding of the bone marrow causes…
Decrease : other WBC / RBC / platelets -Anaemia (fatigue)
-Leukopenia (recurrent infections)
Bone marrow biopsy : increase in immature WBC -Thrombocytopenia (bleeding)
-Systemic (weightloss , fever , infections)
Histology of WBC : possibly enlarged nuclei (immature -Muscular weakness
blast cell) -Bones / joints (pain , tenderness)
Anaemia : Reduced haemoglobin concentration (oxygen carrying capacity)
Red Blood Cells (RBC) : Transport oxygen (bound to in the blood
haemoglobin) + carbon dioxide around the body
Common condition affecting :
No Nucleus or Mitochondria Women - 10%
Full of haemoglobin Men - 2-5 %
Biconcave disks
Causes / Classifications :
Low hematocrit
Low RBC count
Small pale RBC
Treatment
Dependant on cause
•Stop / address any bleeding Causes
•Iron rich foods, iron supplements, iron injections
•Folate / B12 rich foods, supplements, B12 injections
ANAEMIA
•Blood transfusion Acute bleeding : Trauma / surgery
Chronic bleeding : Heavy menstruation
Iron deficiency : Dietary / Malabsorption / Pregnancy
Folate or Vitamin B12 deficiency : Dietary / Malabsorption
Premature destruction of RBC : Haemolysis (sickle cell)
Diagnosis
Hb concentration <120g/L
Cause + class Signs + Symptoms
Size/ Colour / Count of RBCs
Pallor
•Acute bleeding – low RBC count, normal size / colour Fatigue
•Chronic bleeding – depends on resulting deficiency Tachycardia
•Iron deficiency – normal count, small pale RBCs Shortness of breath
•Folate / B12 deficiency - normal/low count, large RBCs
-Haemolysis - low count, normal size / colour Severe anaemia : heart attack / angina / fainting
, Histology
Pathophysiology
5 types of WBC : lymphocyte , monocyte ,
neutrophil , basophil , eosinophil
Leukaemia : Uncontrolled growth of one WBC type in the bone
Fewer / larger than RBCs ~24μm marrow
Deficiencies of WBCs eg. Neutropenia
•Autoimmune disorders
•Infections
•Leukaemia – cancer of the WBCs
Treatment
Chemotherapy
Causes
Usually uknown
Bone marrow transplant Ocassionally :
LEUKAEMIA
Chemicals
Radiation
Genetic
Smoking
Virus
Diagnosis Signs + Symptoms
Increase in affected WBC type Overcrowding of the bone marrow causes…
Decrease : other WBC / RBC / platelets -Anaemia (fatigue)
-Leukopenia (recurrent infections)
Bone marrow biopsy : increase in immature WBC -Thrombocytopenia (bleeding)
-Systemic (weightloss , fever , infections)
Histology of WBC : possibly enlarged nuclei (immature -Muscular weakness
blast cell) -Bones / joints (pain , tenderness)
