SC304-6- GLOBALISATION & CRIME
LECTURE 1 – GLOBAL CRIMES AND CRIMINOLOGY
What is Globalisation:
- Interconnectivity
- It is controversial whether or not we can define the term
globalisation (Giddens, A. (1990))
- Globalisation is where organisations begin working
internationally – in this case, crimes are interconnected e.g.,
the drugs trade
- Globalisation refers to the process of growing
interdependency among events, people and governments
around the world that are increasingly connected through a
worldwide economy and an expanding communications,
transportation, and computer network (Barak, 2001)
Types of Globalisations:
- ECONOMIC – trade/finance/product (can also be political =
loss of power of national states
- CULTURAL – spread of cultural products across cultures
around the world
- TECHNOLOGICAL – interconnectivity and communication
growth
Globalisation, Crime and Criminology:
- THE GOVERNMENTAL CRIMINOLOGICAL PROJECT = the long
series of empirical inquiries, which since the 18 th century
have sought to enhance the efficient and equitable
administration of justice by charting the patterns of crime
and monitoring the practice of police and prisons
- THE LOMBROSO PROJECT = refers to a form of inquiry which
aims to develop an etiological, explanatory science, based on
the premise that criminals can be scientifically differentiated
from non-criminals (Foucault, 1977)
- ETIOLOGICAL = frequent studies to determine more factors
that create a cause for something
- THE GLOBAL CONSCIOUSNESS = The capacity to understand
and act upon significant global issues/ understand the
complexity of our hyper connected world (Beck, U. (1992))
, - THE GLOCAL DIMENSITON = exploring interconnections
between people and places/ observe the similarities and
differences that exist in the world (Hobbs. D. (1998))
Marxist View on Globalisation:
- The Marxist view of society argues that globalisation
contributes to the increase in crime by increasing capitalism
(Taylor, 1997)
- It argues that global capitalism has led to not just an increase
in crime but a shift in the extend and pattern of crime
Global capitalism
Global capitalism is characterised by three factors which affect global crime
(according to Taylor, 1997):
- FOOTLOOSE CAPITALISM = multinational corporations switch
their products to low wage countries, allowing them to earn
greater profits and reduce their production costs
- MARKETISATION = due to companies spending huge
amounts on marketing and advertisement, people are willing
to spend more on material goods and services that are not
necessary. This had lead to a rise in a materialistic culture
- USE OF TECHNOLOGY = to promote efficiency and keep costs
low, big companies now hire physical labour only when
required. The rest is taking up by using technology
The Effects of Globalisation on Crime and Social Control (in the west)
Levels of Analysis
- Changes in criminology thinking and perceptions of crime
- Actual structural changes – changes in social and physical
contexts
- Changing reactions and adaptations to the apparent changes
e.g., social changes/institutional changes
Summary of Effects
- Inequality between the rich and the poor – followed by
insecurity of the poor
- New and intensified forms of crime e.g., online fraud
, - New and intensified fears about crime e.g., security related
(Hayward and Young)
- New forms of crime control e.g., cross-border policing
What is Global Crime?
- When all these goods, services and information move across
borders, so does crime
- Increased availability of transportation and the ability to be
present in multiple places at once through the use of
technology has allowed crimes to go global
- Crimes are no longer limited to a particular territory
- Manuel Castells (1998) argued that there was a global
criminal economy worth over one trillion per annum
Transnational Crime
- Transnational crimes are violations of law that involve more
than one country in their planning, execution, or impact
International Crime
- International crime is a crime against international law
Geopolitical Changes and Criminal Consequences (example)
The Criminogenic aspects of BREXIT
- Migration and crime (submersion)
- Drugs and crime (free trade/borders)
- Corruption (borders)
- Hate crime (polarisation/media)
- Violence
- Effects of insecurity
The Criminogenic Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic (examples)
- Routine activities (streets, shops, schools, home)
- Motivating emotions (anger, fear, hatred, compassion)
- Price and availability of goods (masks, food, disinfectant,
drugs)
- Interaction costs (risk of infection)
- Opportunities (online sales, empty premises, state funding
schemes)
, - Formal and informal social control (police, public health apps,
vaccine, screening)
- Strains (unemployment, loss/illness of loved ones, fear of
future)
Borders and Glocal effects Covid- 19 (examples)
- Street crime
- Domestic violence
- Compliance, prevention, and repression
- Cyber crime
- Social unrest
- New laws created during pandemic that were broken
READING: ANTHROPOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY 2.0: ETHNOGRAPHIES OF GLOBAL
CRIME AND CRIMINALIZATION (DAVID SAUSDAL AND HENRIK VIGH)
ethnographies of global crime.pdf
Notes:
- Chapter states 5 propositions of anthropology
- Seeks to outline a contemporary anthropological approach to
crime
- Moves from the initial functionalist and localist approach, to
present day political and global orientations (1)
- There has been an increased focus in transnational crime
- Several anthropologists have begun to approach forms of
crime and criminalisation ethnographically
- Illegal cross border activity have become a worry to
governments
- GROWING GLOBAL ORDER – an interconnected state of
affairs, where the increasing movements of peoples, goods,
capital, and information facilitate not just legal but also illegal
flows (Manual Castell’s, 1998) (2)
- ANTHROPOLOGISTS – aim to prevent local, national, or other
socio-political borders and boundaries artificially cutting our
investigations short (2)
- Anthropology is best known for its relation to the late 19 th
century school of criminology led by Cesare Lombroso (3)
- Social reform
LECTURE 1 – GLOBAL CRIMES AND CRIMINOLOGY
What is Globalisation:
- Interconnectivity
- It is controversial whether or not we can define the term
globalisation (Giddens, A. (1990))
- Globalisation is where organisations begin working
internationally – in this case, crimes are interconnected e.g.,
the drugs trade
- Globalisation refers to the process of growing
interdependency among events, people and governments
around the world that are increasingly connected through a
worldwide economy and an expanding communications,
transportation, and computer network (Barak, 2001)
Types of Globalisations:
- ECONOMIC – trade/finance/product (can also be political =
loss of power of national states
- CULTURAL – spread of cultural products across cultures
around the world
- TECHNOLOGICAL – interconnectivity and communication
growth
Globalisation, Crime and Criminology:
- THE GOVERNMENTAL CRIMINOLOGICAL PROJECT = the long
series of empirical inquiries, which since the 18 th century
have sought to enhance the efficient and equitable
administration of justice by charting the patterns of crime
and monitoring the practice of police and prisons
- THE LOMBROSO PROJECT = refers to a form of inquiry which
aims to develop an etiological, explanatory science, based on
the premise that criminals can be scientifically differentiated
from non-criminals (Foucault, 1977)
- ETIOLOGICAL = frequent studies to determine more factors
that create a cause for something
- THE GLOBAL CONSCIOUSNESS = The capacity to understand
and act upon significant global issues/ understand the
complexity of our hyper connected world (Beck, U. (1992))
, - THE GLOCAL DIMENSITON = exploring interconnections
between people and places/ observe the similarities and
differences that exist in the world (Hobbs. D. (1998))
Marxist View on Globalisation:
- The Marxist view of society argues that globalisation
contributes to the increase in crime by increasing capitalism
(Taylor, 1997)
- It argues that global capitalism has led to not just an increase
in crime but a shift in the extend and pattern of crime
Global capitalism
Global capitalism is characterised by three factors which affect global crime
(according to Taylor, 1997):
- FOOTLOOSE CAPITALISM = multinational corporations switch
their products to low wage countries, allowing them to earn
greater profits and reduce their production costs
- MARKETISATION = due to companies spending huge
amounts on marketing and advertisement, people are willing
to spend more on material goods and services that are not
necessary. This had lead to a rise in a materialistic culture
- USE OF TECHNOLOGY = to promote efficiency and keep costs
low, big companies now hire physical labour only when
required. The rest is taking up by using technology
The Effects of Globalisation on Crime and Social Control (in the west)
Levels of Analysis
- Changes in criminology thinking and perceptions of crime
- Actual structural changes – changes in social and physical
contexts
- Changing reactions and adaptations to the apparent changes
e.g., social changes/institutional changes
Summary of Effects
- Inequality between the rich and the poor – followed by
insecurity of the poor
- New and intensified forms of crime e.g., online fraud
, - New and intensified fears about crime e.g., security related
(Hayward and Young)
- New forms of crime control e.g., cross-border policing
What is Global Crime?
- When all these goods, services and information move across
borders, so does crime
- Increased availability of transportation and the ability to be
present in multiple places at once through the use of
technology has allowed crimes to go global
- Crimes are no longer limited to a particular territory
- Manuel Castells (1998) argued that there was a global
criminal economy worth over one trillion per annum
Transnational Crime
- Transnational crimes are violations of law that involve more
than one country in their planning, execution, or impact
International Crime
- International crime is a crime against international law
Geopolitical Changes and Criminal Consequences (example)
The Criminogenic aspects of BREXIT
- Migration and crime (submersion)
- Drugs and crime (free trade/borders)
- Corruption (borders)
- Hate crime (polarisation/media)
- Violence
- Effects of insecurity
The Criminogenic Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic (examples)
- Routine activities (streets, shops, schools, home)
- Motivating emotions (anger, fear, hatred, compassion)
- Price and availability of goods (masks, food, disinfectant,
drugs)
- Interaction costs (risk of infection)
- Opportunities (online sales, empty premises, state funding
schemes)
, - Formal and informal social control (police, public health apps,
vaccine, screening)
- Strains (unemployment, loss/illness of loved ones, fear of
future)
Borders and Glocal effects Covid- 19 (examples)
- Street crime
- Domestic violence
- Compliance, prevention, and repression
- Cyber crime
- Social unrest
- New laws created during pandemic that were broken
READING: ANTHROPOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY 2.0: ETHNOGRAPHIES OF GLOBAL
CRIME AND CRIMINALIZATION (DAVID SAUSDAL AND HENRIK VIGH)
ethnographies of global crime.pdf
Notes:
- Chapter states 5 propositions of anthropology
- Seeks to outline a contemporary anthropological approach to
crime
- Moves from the initial functionalist and localist approach, to
present day political and global orientations (1)
- There has been an increased focus in transnational crime
- Several anthropologists have begun to approach forms of
crime and criminalisation ethnographically
- Illegal cross border activity have become a worry to
governments
- GROWING GLOBAL ORDER – an interconnected state of
affairs, where the increasing movements of peoples, goods,
capital, and information facilitate not just legal but also illegal
flows (Manual Castell’s, 1998) (2)
- ANTHROPOLOGISTS – aim to prevent local, national, or other
socio-political borders and boundaries artificially cutting our
investigations short (2)
- Anthropology is best known for its relation to the late 19 th
century school of criminology led by Cesare Lombroso (3)
- Social reform
