Physiology of ageing – Physical changes to the
structure of the surface anatomy, structural integrity of
the skin.
Table of Contents
Physiology of ageing – Physical changes to the structure of the surface anatomy, structural integrity of the
skin. ...............................................................................................................................................................1
Quick Review: ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) ............................................................................................................................... 4
Papillary layer .................................................................................................................................................. 5
Reticular Layer ................................................................................................................................................. 6
Dermal Epidermal Junction (DEJ) ..................................................................................................................... 7
Cell Junctions .................................................................................................................................................... 8
The ECM extracellular matrix – biomolecules ................................................................................................ 11
Biomolecules .................................................................................................................................................. 12
Fibroblast ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
Elastin ............................................................................................................................................................ 13
Collagen ......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Collagen: The triple Helix ............................................................................................................................... 15
Epidermal Growth Factors ............................................................................................................................. 15
Proteoglycans ................................................................................................................................................ 16
Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP’S) ............................................................................................................... 16
Contributing factors to Free Radicals Formation ........................................................................................... 19
The Science of Glycation and Advanced Glycation End Products (A.G. Es) .................................................... 20
Preventing Glycation and AGE Formation...................................................................................................... 22
The Rubin Photo Ageing Analysis Classification Scale .................................................................................... 23
The Glogau Phot-damage Classification Scale ............................................................................................... 23
Dynamic Rhytids............................................................................................................................................. 23
Static Rhytids ................................................................................................................................................. 24
Mimetic Wrinkles and Folds ........................................................................................................................... 26
, Smoking and Wrinkles.................................................................................................................................... 27
Age related changes ...................................................................................................................................... 30
REFERECNE ..................................................................................................................................................... 34
2
,Quick Review:
EXTRINSIC/INTRINSIC FACTORS starting from the one who has the most
impact on skin ageing:
1 UVA/UVB exposure
• Smoking
• Free radicals
• Stress
• Menopause
• Dieting
• Obesity
• Medication
• Long term illness
• Alcohol
• Refined sugar
• Pregnancy
• Occupation
• Sunbeds
• Recreational drugs
• Fitzpatrick skin type
• Gender
According to Aesthetic Journal, one of the key mechanisms
behind inflammation-induced ageing (both intrinsic and
extrinsic) is the generation of:
Reactive Oxidative Species
Smoking and pollution are known to be caused by ROS- both of
which cause inflammation and are regarded as central tenets of
skin ageing (McCarthy, F Dr, The science behind inflammation
and ageing (Aesthetics Journal, Volume 5, issue 10, September
2019).
3
, Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
• An extracellular matrix (ECM) is a prerequisite for multicellular life.
It is adapted to tissues and constantly undergoes changes to
preserve microenvironmental homeostasis. The ECM acts as a
structural scaffold that establishes tissue architecture and
provides tensile strength (Nystrom & Bruckner-Tuderman, 2019)
4
structure of the surface anatomy, structural integrity of
the skin.
Table of Contents
Physiology of ageing – Physical changes to the structure of the surface anatomy, structural integrity of the
skin. ...............................................................................................................................................................1
Quick Review: ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) ............................................................................................................................... 4
Papillary layer .................................................................................................................................................. 5
Reticular Layer ................................................................................................................................................. 6
Dermal Epidermal Junction (DEJ) ..................................................................................................................... 7
Cell Junctions .................................................................................................................................................... 8
The ECM extracellular matrix – biomolecules ................................................................................................ 11
Biomolecules .................................................................................................................................................. 12
Fibroblast ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
Elastin ............................................................................................................................................................ 13
Collagen ......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Collagen: The triple Helix ............................................................................................................................... 15
Epidermal Growth Factors ............................................................................................................................. 15
Proteoglycans ................................................................................................................................................ 16
Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP’S) ............................................................................................................... 16
Contributing factors to Free Radicals Formation ........................................................................................... 19
The Science of Glycation and Advanced Glycation End Products (A.G. Es) .................................................... 20
Preventing Glycation and AGE Formation...................................................................................................... 22
The Rubin Photo Ageing Analysis Classification Scale .................................................................................... 23
The Glogau Phot-damage Classification Scale ............................................................................................... 23
Dynamic Rhytids............................................................................................................................................. 23
Static Rhytids ................................................................................................................................................. 24
Mimetic Wrinkles and Folds ........................................................................................................................... 26
, Smoking and Wrinkles.................................................................................................................................... 27
Age related changes ...................................................................................................................................... 30
REFERECNE ..................................................................................................................................................... 34
2
,Quick Review:
EXTRINSIC/INTRINSIC FACTORS starting from the one who has the most
impact on skin ageing:
1 UVA/UVB exposure
• Smoking
• Free radicals
• Stress
• Menopause
• Dieting
• Obesity
• Medication
• Long term illness
• Alcohol
• Refined sugar
• Pregnancy
• Occupation
• Sunbeds
• Recreational drugs
• Fitzpatrick skin type
• Gender
According to Aesthetic Journal, one of the key mechanisms
behind inflammation-induced ageing (both intrinsic and
extrinsic) is the generation of:
Reactive Oxidative Species
Smoking and pollution are known to be caused by ROS- both of
which cause inflammation and are regarded as central tenets of
skin ageing (McCarthy, F Dr, The science behind inflammation
and ageing (Aesthetics Journal, Volume 5, issue 10, September
2019).
3
, Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
• An extracellular matrix (ECM) is a prerequisite for multicellular life.
It is adapted to tissues and constantly undergoes changes to
preserve microenvironmental homeostasis. The ECM acts as a
structural scaffold that establishes tissue architecture and
provides tensile strength (Nystrom & Bruckner-Tuderman, 2019)
4
