Summary A Level Biology: Chapter 1 - Biological Molecules

Carbohydrates
most carbs polymers
Polymers largecomplexmolecules
made of long chains
ofmonomers
monomers Small basic molecular units

eg monosaccharides amino acids nucleotides


monomers of carbohydrates
All carbs C H 0

Corb monomers monosaccharides eg glucose fructose galactose
Glucose hexose
alpha G Jets p
l
isomers



x glucose B glucose
i t
HzOH CHOH
O H c 0 OH
H
14
OH H
C Il
c H c

OH I I
Elton Tc Il H
H OH OH I 1
H OH


condensation reactions join monomers ie join monosaccharides
joins two monomers
by forming new bond and releasingwater
glycosidic bond

2 monosaccharides disaccharide

, E glycosidicbond

n x n n x x no

maltose



2 x glucose maltose

glucose t fructose sucrose

glucose galactose lactose



Hydrolysis
oppositeof condensation breaks monomers 2pm using water


o t
H 01h Ho OH t Ho OH

polymer water monomer monomer



Benedicrs test for sugars
Allsugars reducing or non reducing
1
211Monosaccharides
some disaccharides

excess of
Add Benedict's reagents blue to sample and heat in boring woner born
If positive2 coloured precipitate will be formed

blue green yellow orange brick heel
A conc ofreducing sugars further colour change can compare

amount in different solutions more accurate filter t weighprec