UNIT 2C- CHROMATOGRAPHY
Emmanuel Aire benant
The aim of chromatography is to separate and identify the
components of a mixture by utilizing their different rates of
migration when exposed to a mobile phase and to identify
amino acids in a mixture and to prove that a component is in
the mixture. TLC and paper chromatography are two
techniques used in analytical chemistry to separate and
identify the components of a mixture. TLC involves the use of
a stationary phase, such as a silica gel-coated plate, and a
mobile phase, such as a solvent. The sample is applied to the
plate, and the solvent is allowed to migrate up the plate. As
the solvent moves, the components of the mixture move at
different rates, allowing them to be separated. Paper
chromatography works in a similar way, but instead of a
plate, a strip of paper is used as the stationary phase.
,By performing TLC and paper chromatography, scientists can
identify the components of a mixture, determine the relative
amounts of each component, and determine the purity of
each component. This information can be used to determine
the chemical composition of a sample, as well as its identity
and purity. Additionally, it can be used to determine the
relative amounts of different compounds in a mixture.
Chromatography is a widely used technique in the industry
for separating and analysing mixtures of chemicals. It is a
powerful tool used in a variety of industries, from medical
research to food processing. Chromatography works by
separating components of a mixture based on their different
physical properties, such as solubility, boiling point, and
affinity. There are two diverse types of chromatography,
including thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and paper
chromatography. Each type of chromatography has its own
advantages and disadvantages and can be used to analyse a
variety of different mixtures. Chromatography is used in
industry to separate and analyse chemicals, identify unknown
substances, and measure the purity of a product. It can also
be used to detect the presence of certain substances in a
sample and determine the concentration of a given
compound. Chromatography is a powerful tool for many
industrial applications, from quality control to environmental
monitoring.
Chromatography is used in industry because it is an effective
and efficient way to separate and analyse components of a
,mixture. It is especially useful in the pharmaceutical, food,
and chemical industries. In the pharmaceutical industry,
chromatography is used to purify a drug or raw material and
to determine the identity, purity, concentration, and stability
of a drug. In the food industry, chromatography is used to
analyse contaminants, such as pesticides, herbicides, and
other pollutants. In the chemical industry, chromatography is
used to identify and quantify components of a mixture, such
as impurities, pollutants, and other trace elements.
Chromatography can also be used to measure the
concentration of a drug in the bloodstream. Additionally,
chromatography is used to determine the concentration of a
drug in the environment, to identify drugs in food, and to
detect and quantify pollutants in water. Chromatography is
used in many other industries as well, such as environmental,
biotechnology, and forensics. Chromatography offers a wide
range of benefits, including accuracy, precision, cost-
effectiveness, and speed.
Equipment list:
Chromatography tank
Micro capillaries
Bunsen burner
Pipette
Beaker
Sand
TLC plates
Chromatography paper
,Analysis of chemicals used:
,Glacial ethanoic acid: Glacial ethanoic acid is a corrosive
chemical and can cause severe skin and respiratory irritation.
It can also cause serious eye damage and can cause burns if it
meets the skin. It can also cause nausea, vomiting, and
abdominal pain if ingested. It is highly flammable and can
cause explosions if it meets other combustible materials.
Inhalation of glacial ethanoic acid vapours can result in
pulmonary Edema, which can be fatal. Additionally, it can
cause environmental damage if it is improperly disposed of
or spilled.
Aspartic acid: The chemical risks of using aspartic acid are
related to its potential toxicity. Aspartic acid is classified as a
non-essential amino acid, meaning it can be synthesized by
the body. However, when taken in large doses, it can have
toxic effects on the body, such as causing headaches, nausea,
dizziness, fatigue, and other unpleasant symptoms. In some
cases, it can also cause liver damage. Aspartic acid can also
interact with other medications, so it is important to consult
a doctor before taking any supplement containing aspartic
acid.
Cyclohexane: Cyclohexane is a highly flammable liquid.
Inhalation of the vapor can cause central nervous system
depression, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, fatigue,
and unconsciousness. Prolonged inhalation can lead to
cardiac arrhythmia and death. Exposure to the liquid can
cause skin and eye irritation, as well as a burning sensation.
Ingestion of the liquid can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal
, pain, and diarrhea. Long-term exposure to cyclohexane can
cause liver and kidney damage
Propanone: Propane is a very flammable gas, and can easily
cause fires, explosions, and other serious accidents if not
handled correctly. It is also a potential health hazard if
inhaled in large enough quantities, as it can cause
asphyxiation. Inhaling the gas can also cause irritation to the
eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. In addition, propane is also
highly combustible and can give off toxic fumes when
burned. If a leak occurs, even a small one, the gas can
accumulate and form an explosive mixture that can be
ignited by an open flame or spark. Therefore, it is important
to ensure that all areas where propane is being used are well
ventilated and free of any sources of ignition. It is also
important to regularly inspect and maintain any propane
tanks and equipment to ensure that they are in good working
order.
Petroleum: Health risks are associated with exposure to
petroleum products, such as cancer, asthma, and other
respiratory diseases. In addition, petroleum can contain
harmful chemicals, such as sulphur, which can be released
into the environment during use.
HEALTH AND SAFETY IMPLICATIONS
TLC:
• Inhalation of hazardous fumes: TLC involves the use of
volatile organic solvents and other chemical reagents, which
Emmanuel Aire benant
The aim of chromatography is to separate and identify the
components of a mixture by utilizing their different rates of
migration when exposed to a mobile phase and to identify
amino acids in a mixture and to prove that a component is in
the mixture. TLC and paper chromatography are two
techniques used in analytical chemistry to separate and
identify the components of a mixture. TLC involves the use of
a stationary phase, such as a silica gel-coated plate, and a
mobile phase, such as a solvent. The sample is applied to the
plate, and the solvent is allowed to migrate up the plate. As
the solvent moves, the components of the mixture move at
different rates, allowing them to be separated. Paper
chromatography works in a similar way, but instead of a
plate, a strip of paper is used as the stationary phase.
,By performing TLC and paper chromatography, scientists can
identify the components of a mixture, determine the relative
amounts of each component, and determine the purity of
each component. This information can be used to determine
the chemical composition of a sample, as well as its identity
and purity. Additionally, it can be used to determine the
relative amounts of different compounds in a mixture.
Chromatography is a widely used technique in the industry
for separating and analysing mixtures of chemicals. It is a
powerful tool used in a variety of industries, from medical
research to food processing. Chromatography works by
separating components of a mixture based on their different
physical properties, such as solubility, boiling point, and
affinity. There are two diverse types of chromatography,
including thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and paper
chromatography. Each type of chromatography has its own
advantages and disadvantages and can be used to analyse a
variety of different mixtures. Chromatography is used in
industry to separate and analyse chemicals, identify unknown
substances, and measure the purity of a product. It can also
be used to detect the presence of certain substances in a
sample and determine the concentration of a given
compound. Chromatography is a powerful tool for many
industrial applications, from quality control to environmental
monitoring.
Chromatography is used in industry because it is an effective
and efficient way to separate and analyse components of a
,mixture. It is especially useful in the pharmaceutical, food,
and chemical industries. In the pharmaceutical industry,
chromatography is used to purify a drug or raw material and
to determine the identity, purity, concentration, and stability
of a drug. In the food industry, chromatography is used to
analyse contaminants, such as pesticides, herbicides, and
other pollutants. In the chemical industry, chromatography is
used to identify and quantify components of a mixture, such
as impurities, pollutants, and other trace elements.
Chromatography can also be used to measure the
concentration of a drug in the bloodstream. Additionally,
chromatography is used to determine the concentration of a
drug in the environment, to identify drugs in food, and to
detect and quantify pollutants in water. Chromatography is
used in many other industries as well, such as environmental,
biotechnology, and forensics. Chromatography offers a wide
range of benefits, including accuracy, precision, cost-
effectiveness, and speed.
Equipment list:
Chromatography tank
Micro capillaries
Bunsen burner
Pipette
Beaker
Sand
TLC plates
Chromatography paper
,Analysis of chemicals used:
,Glacial ethanoic acid: Glacial ethanoic acid is a corrosive
chemical and can cause severe skin and respiratory irritation.
It can also cause serious eye damage and can cause burns if it
meets the skin. It can also cause nausea, vomiting, and
abdominal pain if ingested. It is highly flammable and can
cause explosions if it meets other combustible materials.
Inhalation of glacial ethanoic acid vapours can result in
pulmonary Edema, which can be fatal. Additionally, it can
cause environmental damage if it is improperly disposed of
or spilled.
Aspartic acid: The chemical risks of using aspartic acid are
related to its potential toxicity. Aspartic acid is classified as a
non-essential amino acid, meaning it can be synthesized by
the body. However, when taken in large doses, it can have
toxic effects on the body, such as causing headaches, nausea,
dizziness, fatigue, and other unpleasant symptoms. In some
cases, it can also cause liver damage. Aspartic acid can also
interact with other medications, so it is important to consult
a doctor before taking any supplement containing aspartic
acid.
Cyclohexane: Cyclohexane is a highly flammable liquid.
Inhalation of the vapor can cause central nervous system
depression, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, fatigue,
and unconsciousness. Prolonged inhalation can lead to
cardiac arrhythmia and death. Exposure to the liquid can
cause skin and eye irritation, as well as a burning sensation.
Ingestion of the liquid can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal
, pain, and diarrhea. Long-term exposure to cyclohexane can
cause liver and kidney damage
Propanone: Propane is a very flammable gas, and can easily
cause fires, explosions, and other serious accidents if not
handled correctly. It is also a potential health hazard if
inhaled in large enough quantities, as it can cause
asphyxiation. Inhaling the gas can also cause irritation to the
eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. In addition, propane is also
highly combustible and can give off toxic fumes when
burned. If a leak occurs, even a small one, the gas can
accumulate and form an explosive mixture that can be
ignited by an open flame or spark. Therefore, it is important
to ensure that all areas where propane is being used are well
ventilated and free of any sources of ignition. It is also
important to regularly inspect and maintain any propane
tanks and equipment to ensure that they are in good working
order.
Petroleum: Health risks are associated with exposure to
petroleum products, such as cancer, asthma, and other
respiratory diseases. In addition, petroleum can contain
harmful chemicals, such as sulphur, which can be released
into the environment during use.
HEALTH AND SAFETY IMPLICATIONS
TLC:
• Inhalation of hazardous fumes: TLC involves the use of
volatile organic solvents and other chemical reagents, which
