1a) Global migration
244 million people (3.3%) were living outside their country of origin - migrants
Migration - the movement of people across of a specified boundary, national or
international, to establish a new permanent change of residence
International migrant - person who has stayed outside their usual country for a
year
Long term migrant - moves to a country other than his/her usual residence for a
period of at least a year
Short term - moves for at least 3 months but not longer than a year
Global migration system is dynamic. Flows of people are constantly changing in
number, direction of movement and ethnic composition
Reasons for migration are diverse and decisions for potential international
migration depend on many factors
• Economic migrants
o Majority of migrants
o Seeking work and social opportunities
o Often send money back to their families - migrant remittances
• Refugees - have applications
o People fleeing conflict zones and persecution - growing in number
o Asylum seekers - who want to become refugees - applying to
leave/protected
Net migration - difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants
Migration figures are estimates:
• There are illegal immigrants, undocumented
• Its difficult to define an international migrant
• Lack of uniformity across countries makes it difficult to obtain, reliable
and comparable statistics
Main reasons for emigration:
• Job opportunities - most were of working age - higher wages, better
living standards and ease of going back
• More freedom - inequality in India
• Retirement - high house prices enable people to sell up and live more
cheaply abroad with a higher quality of life
• Shared currency (EU) makes it easier
• Joining relatives
• Geographical location (closer = easier)
• Educational opportunities
• Way of life/weather (to spain)
• UK > AUS, IRE, CAN… limited language barrier for emigration
• Ex colonies
Key routes to Europe
• Travelling by boat from Tunisia to Italy
• Land routes from middle east to turkey into Greece and then Italy
,2015 in Europe
• 1,011,700 travelled by sea and 34,900 by land
• This is due to less political borders that allow for easier movement
Why Germany has the most immigrants
• Germany has a long history of allowing and accepting migration which
would be welcoming for migrants
• In comparison to other ACs, its closer than UK and Scandinavian
countries
• More job opportunities - more likely to get a job - highest employment
rate of refugees compared to other at different skill levels - higher pay
• Over 500,000 people migrated there
Pull factors - what attracts migrants to leave
Push factors - what people want to get away from
Lee's model of migration
The difference between moving between inter regional and intra-regional is that
the intervening obstacles are less difficult to over come. For example the
distance might be shorter and there might be no language barriers.
The motivation between the both:
• The whole region might be unsafe - conflict in middle east
• There may be more positive factors for moving into another region -
Germany is a good place for migrants
• There could be more intervening opportunities coming from another
region
, 1b) international migration
• Migration can contribute to development
• Inequality in levels of development can be a cause of migration - major
influence on the direction and scale of global migration
One statistical measure of international migration linked to development is the
value of migrant remittances (private funds sent by migrant family to non-
migrant families to country of origin)
• These flows of money have been made more easier and efficient due to
technology - mobile money made more reliable by cash transferring
programmes and the use of smartphones which have become more
prevalent
Remittances are a percentage of the recipient (incoming) countries GDP
1. 2013 US$6.69billion was sent by migrants to US as remittances 0.1% of
GDP
2. India US$70billion in remittances from UK 3.7% of GDP
3. Sudan HDI .473, remittances were 0.6% of GDP - effected by restrictive
immigration policies of developed countries and costs of travel and
payments to traffickers
The US encourage highly skilled migrant flow like doctors from LIDCs/EDCs with
higher paid jobs. Social and financial remittances flow back to LIDCs/EDCs
Migration leads to geographical movement of ideas, information
• Ideas on family size, education and marriage - referred to social
remittances
Technology
• Increasingly important
• NGOs to assess crises so that response reaches most affected areas
How migration can promote stability
• Migration remittances are a source of foreign exchange which can
contribute to recipient country's economic stability (improves injections)
• Returning migrants, having acquired values of democracy and equality
can contribute to peacebuilding
• In an aging population youthful migrants can contribute to a more
balanced age structure and population growth - improve economy as
more people can work
Economic growth
• GDP and taxes base can be raised by working migrants - as they are more
likely to get the lower paid jobs the minimum wage will stay lower
• More migrants in the economy means more consumers and even more
markets - higher GDP
• Migrants can easily fill skills gap or labour shortages - helps businesses
and therefore the economy
• Migrant remittances provide a household income for the recipient
country which allows for more consumption and funds small scale
investments leading to a multiplier effect
244 million people (3.3%) were living outside their country of origin - migrants
Migration - the movement of people across of a specified boundary, national or
international, to establish a new permanent change of residence
International migrant - person who has stayed outside their usual country for a
year
Long term migrant - moves to a country other than his/her usual residence for a
period of at least a year
Short term - moves for at least 3 months but not longer than a year
Global migration system is dynamic. Flows of people are constantly changing in
number, direction of movement and ethnic composition
Reasons for migration are diverse and decisions for potential international
migration depend on many factors
• Economic migrants
o Majority of migrants
o Seeking work and social opportunities
o Often send money back to their families - migrant remittances
• Refugees - have applications
o People fleeing conflict zones and persecution - growing in number
o Asylum seekers - who want to become refugees - applying to
leave/protected
Net migration - difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants
Migration figures are estimates:
• There are illegal immigrants, undocumented
• Its difficult to define an international migrant
• Lack of uniformity across countries makes it difficult to obtain, reliable
and comparable statistics
Main reasons for emigration:
• Job opportunities - most were of working age - higher wages, better
living standards and ease of going back
• More freedom - inequality in India
• Retirement - high house prices enable people to sell up and live more
cheaply abroad with a higher quality of life
• Shared currency (EU) makes it easier
• Joining relatives
• Geographical location (closer = easier)
• Educational opportunities
• Way of life/weather (to spain)
• UK > AUS, IRE, CAN… limited language barrier for emigration
• Ex colonies
Key routes to Europe
• Travelling by boat from Tunisia to Italy
• Land routes from middle east to turkey into Greece and then Italy
,2015 in Europe
• 1,011,700 travelled by sea and 34,900 by land
• This is due to less political borders that allow for easier movement
Why Germany has the most immigrants
• Germany has a long history of allowing and accepting migration which
would be welcoming for migrants
• In comparison to other ACs, its closer than UK and Scandinavian
countries
• More job opportunities - more likely to get a job - highest employment
rate of refugees compared to other at different skill levels - higher pay
• Over 500,000 people migrated there
Pull factors - what attracts migrants to leave
Push factors - what people want to get away from
Lee's model of migration
The difference between moving between inter regional and intra-regional is that
the intervening obstacles are less difficult to over come. For example the
distance might be shorter and there might be no language barriers.
The motivation between the both:
• The whole region might be unsafe - conflict in middle east
• There may be more positive factors for moving into another region -
Germany is a good place for migrants
• There could be more intervening opportunities coming from another
region
, 1b) international migration
• Migration can contribute to development
• Inequality in levels of development can be a cause of migration - major
influence on the direction and scale of global migration
One statistical measure of international migration linked to development is the
value of migrant remittances (private funds sent by migrant family to non-
migrant families to country of origin)
• These flows of money have been made more easier and efficient due to
technology - mobile money made more reliable by cash transferring
programmes and the use of smartphones which have become more
prevalent
Remittances are a percentage of the recipient (incoming) countries GDP
1. 2013 US$6.69billion was sent by migrants to US as remittances 0.1% of
GDP
2. India US$70billion in remittances from UK 3.7% of GDP
3. Sudan HDI .473, remittances were 0.6% of GDP - effected by restrictive
immigration policies of developed countries and costs of travel and
payments to traffickers
The US encourage highly skilled migrant flow like doctors from LIDCs/EDCs with
higher paid jobs. Social and financial remittances flow back to LIDCs/EDCs
Migration leads to geographical movement of ideas, information
• Ideas on family size, education and marriage - referred to social
remittances
Technology
• Increasingly important
• NGOs to assess crises so that response reaches most affected areas
How migration can promote stability
• Migration remittances are a source of foreign exchange which can
contribute to recipient country's economic stability (improves injections)
• Returning migrants, having acquired values of democracy and equality
can contribute to peacebuilding
• In an aging population youthful migrants can contribute to a more
balanced age structure and population growth - improve economy as
more people can work
Economic growth
• GDP and taxes base can be raised by working migrants - as they are more
likely to get the lower paid jobs the minimum wage will stay lower
• More migrants in the economy means more consumers and even more
markets - higher GDP
• Migrants can easily fill skills gap or labour shortages - helps businesses
and therefore the economy
• Migrant remittances provide a household income for the recipient
country which allows for more consumption and funds small scale
investments leading to a multiplier effect
