Structural Principles

Structural Forms:

1) Load Bearing Structure
2) Skeletal Frame Structure
3) Long-span Roof / Portal Frame Structure



Loads & Loading:

Types of Load:

1) Dead/Static Loads

 Structure and other building elements
 Fixed and permanent
 Non-variable
 Self-weight without external force acting on it
 Walls/Bridges/Columns



2) Live Loads

 Related to activity and function within building
 People/Furniture/Equipment
 Dynamic
 Variable- due to activity

Imposed
3) Environmental Loads Loads

 Exterior environment
 Variable- due to climate and environmental changes
 Dynamic
 Wind/ Accumulated rain/ Snow



Load Distribution & Loading Paths

Loads & Forces

 distributed along structural members then
transferred between structural members
through joints and connections

, Load Paths

 Safe transmission to the ground/foundations
 Stable bearing strata




Basic Structural Elements

 Struts




 Ties




Types of Stresses:

1) Compression

 Crushing/Squeezing action