What is respiration? The breaking down of glucose to produce ATP
What are the four stages of aerobic respiration? Glycolysis <div>The link
reaction</div><div>Krebs cycle</div><div>Oxidative phosphorylation or the electron
transport chain</div>
Where does glycolysis occur? The cytoplasm
What happens in glycolysis? Glucose is broken down into two molecules of triose
phosphate. This requires the hydrolysis of two ATP molecules.<div>Each triose
phosphate molecule is converted into pyruvate, which requires the reduction of NAD,
one for each TP molecule, and the synthesis of two ATP molecules for each TP
molecule</div>
What is the net NADH production of glycolysis? 2 molecules
What is the net ATP production of glycolysis? 2 ATP molecules
What is a co-enzyme? A large protein that acts as a carrier of something and
assists enzymes in their job. They are not an enzyme.
What happens in the link reaction? Pyruvate is oxidised to acetate, a 2 carbon
compound, which attaches to co-enzyme A to produce acetyl co-enzyme A. This
reaction requires the reduction of NAD and the production of CO<sub>2</sub>
How many times does the Krebs cycle go around per glucose molecule? Twice
What is the other kind of hydrogen carrier? FAD
What happens in the Krebs cycle? Acetyl coenzyme A combines with a 4 carbon
compound, to produce a six carbon compound. One carbon dioxide then leaves this
molecule, and a 5 carbon compound is then produced releasing NADH or FADH. This
occurs again to produce more CO<sub>2</sub> and NADH or FADH and a 4 carbon
compound. This 4 carbon compound is then converted into various other 4 carbon
compounds until the original 4 carbon compound is regenerated, producing NADH or
FADH at each step. In one of these steps, a singular ATP molecule is produced.
What is the objective of the krebs cycle? To produce NADH or FADH for oxidative
phosphorylation
How is end-product inhibition present in the krebs cycle? "<img src=""image-
0c4a47718b7d49697568fd6d8ea217b63e6bb607.png"">"
Where does the Krebs cycle occur? The matrix of mitochondria
Where does the link reaction occur? The matrix of mitochondria
What is the objective of oxidative phosphorylation? To produce ATP using NADH and
various enzymes and other proteins
How does the electron transport chain work? NADH dehydrogenase converts NADH to
NAD, releasing a proton and an electron per NADH molecule. The electrons move
through cytochromes at progressively lower energy levels. As the electrons move
from cytochrome to cytochrome energy is released, and this energy is used to pump
protons into the inter membrane space. These protons then travel through the ATP
synthase enzyme, powering ATP synthesis
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur? Across the inner membrane of the
mitochondria, on the cristae
Where do the electrons go in the electron transport chain? They go to cytochrome
oxidase, where the following equation happens<div><br></div><div>4H<sup>+</sup> +
4e<sup>-</sup> + O<sub>2</sub> -> 2H<sub>2</sub>O</div>
What is oxygen described as in aerobic respiration and why is it important? It is
the terminal electron acceptor, and is important as without it electrons would have
nowhere to go and would disrupt the chain, stopping aerobic respiration
What other two substances can be respired? Lipids and proteins
How are lipids respired? Lipids are first hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty
acids.<div>The glycerol is then phosphorylated and converted into triose phosphate,
then respiration continues as normal.</div><div>The fatty acids are converted into
acetyl-coenzyme A which enter the krebs cycle</div>
How are proteins respired? The protein is first hydrolysed to its constituent
amino acids. These are then deaminated, and the products enter the link reaction or
krebs cycle at various stages depending on how many carbons they have
Why must anaerobic respiration occur? In the absence of oxygen, the electron
transport chain and krebs cycle stop, as all NAD and FAD are reduced, and there is
no NAD or FAD to be used
What are the four stages of aerobic respiration? Glycolysis <div>The link
reaction</div><div>Krebs cycle</div><div>Oxidative phosphorylation or the electron
transport chain</div>
Where does glycolysis occur? The cytoplasm
What happens in glycolysis? Glucose is broken down into two molecules of triose
phosphate. This requires the hydrolysis of two ATP molecules.<div>Each triose
phosphate molecule is converted into pyruvate, which requires the reduction of NAD,
one for each TP molecule, and the synthesis of two ATP molecules for each TP
molecule</div>
What is the net NADH production of glycolysis? 2 molecules
What is the net ATP production of glycolysis? 2 ATP molecules
What is a co-enzyme? A large protein that acts as a carrier of something and
assists enzymes in their job. They are not an enzyme.
What happens in the link reaction? Pyruvate is oxidised to acetate, a 2 carbon
compound, which attaches to co-enzyme A to produce acetyl co-enzyme A. This
reaction requires the reduction of NAD and the production of CO<sub>2</sub>
How many times does the Krebs cycle go around per glucose molecule? Twice
What is the other kind of hydrogen carrier? FAD
What happens in the Krebs cycle? Acetyl coenzyme A combines with a 4 carbon
compound, to produce a six carbon compound. One carbon dioxide then leaves this
molecule, and a 5 carbon compound is then produced releasing NADH or FADH. This
occurs again to produce more CO<sub>2</sub> and NADH or FADH and a 4 carbon
compound. This 4 carbon compound is then converted into various other 4 carbon
compounds until the original 4 carbon compound is regenerated, producing NADH or
FADH at each step. In one of these steps, a singular ATP molecule is produced.
What is the objective of the krebs cycle? To produce NADH or FADH for oxidative
phosphorylation
How is end-product inhibition present in the krebs cycle? "<img src=""image-
0c4a47718b7d49697568fd6d8ea217b63e6bb607.png"">"
Where does the Krebs cycle occur? The matrix of mitochondria
Where does the link reaction occur? The matrix of mitochondria
What is the objective of oxidative phosphorylation? To produce ATP using NADH and
various enzymes and other proteins
How does the electron transport chain work? NADH dehydrogenase converts NADH to
NAD, releasing a proton and an electron per NADH molecule. The electrons move
through cytochromes at progressively lower energy levels. As the electrons move
from cytochrome to cytochrome energy is released, and this energy is used to pump
protons into the inter membrane space. These protons then travel through the ATP
synthase enzyme, powering ATP synthesis
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur? Across the inner membrane of the
mitochondria, on the cristae
Where do the electrons go in the electron transport chain? They go to cytochrome
oxidase, where the following equation happens<div><br></div><div>4H<sup>+</sup> +
4e<sup>-</sup> + O<sub>2</sub> -> 2H<sub>2</sub>O</div>
What is oxygen described as in aerobic respiration and why is it important? It is
the terminal electron acceptor, and is important as without it electrons would have
nowhere to go and would disrupt the chain, stopping aerobic respiration
What other two substances can be respired? Lipids and proteins
How are lipids respired? Lipids are first hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty
acids.<div>The glycerol is then phosphorylated and converted into triose phosphate,
then respiration continues as normal.</div><div>The fatty acids are converted into
acetyl-coenzyme A which enter the krebs cycle</div>
How are proteins respired? The protein is first hydrolysed to its constituent
amino acids. These are then deaminated, and the products enter the link reaction or
krebs cycle at various stages depending on how many carbons they have
Why must anaerobic respiration occur? In the absence of oxygen, the electron
transport chain and krebs cycle stop, as all NAD and FAD are reduced, and there is
no NAD or FAD to be used
