Structure of personality Assumptions
psychodynamic approach Freud described the personality as tripartite (composed of COGNITIVE APPROACH Unlike the behaviourist, the cognitive approach argues that internal
mental processes can, and should, be studied scientifically.
HU
three parts).
• Established and mostly influenced by the Id is the primitive part of our personality that operates on • Emerged in the 1960’s in response to the Internal processes, such as memory, perception, etc, are private so • Emerged
the pleasure principal. It is selfish and demands instant behaviourists failure to acknowledge internal we can only study them indirectly by observing and making
work of Freud. efforts of
gratification. Babies are only born with an id. mental processes. assumptions based on their behaviour.
• It describes the different forces (dynamics) Ego works on the reality principle and mediates between • It was inte
that act upon, and influence, our mind both other parts of the personality. It uses defence • The study of internal mental processes, the role of behaviour
Theoretical & computer models
subconsciously. mechanisms to manage conflict between id and superego. the schema and the use of theoretical & computer Rogers fe
models to explain and make inferences about Both theoretical and computer models are used to explain and
Superego forms at the end of the phallic stage. It’s a sense ‘sick’ half o
internal mental processes. understand mental processes. There are overlaps between both,
of right and wrong that works on the morality principle. wanted to
Psychosexual stages but in general, theoretical models are abstract and computer
individual
Oral (0-1yrs) Focus of pleasure is the mouth, models are concrete things.
object of desire is mother’s breast. Role of the unconscious Cognitive neuroscience One important theoretical model is the information processing
Anal (1-3yrs) Focus of pleasure is the anus, Freud suggested that most of our mind is unconscious, we Cognitive neuroscience is the study of the influence of approach. It suggests that information flows through the cognitive
child gains pleasure by withholding and are unaware of it. It’s full of biological drives and instincts brain structures on mental processes. system in stages (input, output, etc). Rogers’ clien
expelling faeces. that influence our behaviour and personality. As early as the 1860’s, Paul Broca observed how A computer model would involve actually programming a computer revolutionise
Phallic (3-5yrs) Focus of pleasure is the The unconscious also contains threatening or disturbing damage to what later became known as the Broca’s and testing whether the output matches that of a human. clients (or pa
genital area. Child experiences the Oedipus memories that have been repressed. They can only be area could permanently impair speech. condition, an
or Electra complex. accessed through dreams or parapraxes. More recently, advances in brain scanning techniques, solutions.
Role of the schema
Latency Earlier conflicts are repressed Just underneath the conscious mind is the preconscious, such as fMRI and PET, have allowed scientists to The aims of
Cognitive processes can be affected by our personal experience clients feelin
Genital Sexual desires become conscious which contains thoughts we can access if we want. systematically study the role of different areas of the
and expectations. incongruenc
alongside the onset of puberty. brain.
Schema act as a mental framework to help us process lots of and help ind
Defence mechanism Scanning techniques have also proved useful in
sensory information quickly, without getting overwhelmed. We can functioning p
The ego uses several defence mechanisms to balance the establishing the neurological basis of a variety of
+ Explanatory power quickly categorise different things based on our past experience.
needs of the id and superego. mental disorders, such as OCD.
Although controversial, Freud’s theory was However, sometimes schema distort our interpretations of reality,
Repression is when a distressing memory is forced out of Cognitive neuroscience has now also expanded to
highly influential and, alongside leading to perceptual errors.
the conscious mind. include the use of computer models to ‘read’ the brain.
behaviourism, shaped much of modern
psychology. It’s been used to explain lots of Denial is refusing to acknowledge an aspect of reality
Displacement is when feelings are transferred from their + Objective methodology - Machine reductionism - Application to everyday life
phenomena, including personality
true source to a substitute target. The use of highly controlled While there are similarities between Cognitive psychologists can only make
development, abnormal behaviour, etc.
experiments allows cognitive computers and people, machine inferences about mental processes based
Oedipus & Electra complex (& Little Hans) psychologists to make inferences reductionism ignores the influence of on behaviour observed in research. This
- Case study method
about the mind with a credible emotion and motivation on humans. E.g. means a lot of the theories may be too
Freud’s theories were based on intensive Freud claimed that the Oedipus complex is experienced by
scientific basis. Neuroscience eyewitness testimony research shows how theoretical and abstract. Many of the lab
study of a small number of mostly boys in the Phallic stage. They develop incestuous feelings
also gives it a strong biological our memory can be affected by emotion. experiments are too artificial and lack
psychologically abnormal people. Although for their mother and a murderous hatred of their father.
the observations were carefully recorded, it’s Fearing their father will castrate them, they repress their basis. ecological validity.
not possible to make such universal claims feelings and take on his moral values and gender role.
based on such a small sample. Girls experience the Electra complex, where they develop
A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY
penis envy of their father and a hatred of their mother. The psychody
- Untestable concepts Eventually, they replace the desire for their father with a further devel
desire for a baby. development
Karl Popper argues that as the
Freud supported the Oedipus complex with a study of genetics influ
APPROACHES KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
psychodynamic approach cannot be tested
Little Hans, whose phobia of horses was attributed to his the self as a p
empirically, it can’t be disproved. This means
repressed fear of his father. ongoing proc
it can’t be considered a real science.
+ Scientific + Cog
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH credibility Social learning theory SLT provid
comprehe
By using highly
• Predates psychology, but has recently gained more popularity due to advances in • Emerged at the beginning of the 20th century and remained objective research • Bandura proposed social learning theory (SLT) as a of learning
technology, such as brain scanning techniques. the dominant approach for half the century methods, development of the behaviourist approach. behaviour
behaviourism was recognisin
• It examines the influence of physical processes in the body • Credited as being the driving force behind the development of
instrumental in the
• He argued that conditioning could not account for all mediation
psychology as a science. It is concerned with explaining development of learning. There are more mental processes that
Assumptions Genetic basis of behaviour behaviour in terms of what is observable and learning psychology as a mediate between stimulus and response. - Art
Everything in psychology is, at first, Twin studies are used by behaviour science. Many of B
biological. In order to fully understand geneticists to examine the influence of Assumptions Classic conditioning Assumptions based on
human behaviour, we must look at the genetics on behaviour. They compare Unlike the cognitive Learning through association. First Bandura agreed with behaviourists that we learn most which hav
+ Real life application validity du
influence of biological structures & the concordance rates between twins, approach, behaviourism is demonstrated by Pavlov with his behaviour through experience.
Principles of setting. PP
processes in the body, such as genes, which is the extent to which they only concerned with dog experiments. He showed that His SLT suggested a different way that people learn -
conditioning have a respond to
neurochemistry, nervous system, etc.
share the same characteristics. If through observation and imitation of others.
psychodynamic approach Freud described the personality as tripartite (composed of COGNITIVE APPROACH Unlike the behaviourist, the cognitive approach argues that internal
mental processes can, and should, be studied scientifically.
HU
three parts).
• Established and mostly influenced by the Id is the primitive part of our personality that operates on • Emerged in the 1960’s in response to the Internal processes, such as memory, perception, etc, are private so • Emerged
the pleasure principal. It is selfish and demands instant behaviourists failure to acknowledge internal we can only study them indirectly by observing and making
work of Freud. efforts of
gratification. Babies are only born with an id. mental processes. assumptions based on their behaviour.
• It describes the different forces (dynamics) Ego works on the reality principle and mediates between • It was inte
that act upon, and influence, our mind both other parts of the personality. It uses defence • The study of internal mental processes, the role of behaviour
Theoretical & computer models
subconsciously. mechanisms to manage conflict between id and superego. the schema and the use of theoretical & computer Rogers fe
models to explain and make inferences about Both theoretical and computer models are used to explain and
Superego forms at the end of the phallic stage. It’s a sense ‘sick’ half o
internal mental processes. understand mental processes. There are overlaps between both,
of right and wrong that works on the morality principle. wanted to
Psychosexual stages but in general, theoretical models are abstract and computer
individual
Oral (0-1yrs) Focus of pleasure is the mouth, models are concrete things.
object of desire is mother’s breast. Role of the unconscious Cognitive neuroscience One important theoretical model is the information processing
Anal (1-3yrs) Focus of pleasure is the anus, Freud suggested that most of our mind is unconscious, we Cognitive neuroscience is the study of the influence of approach. It suggests that information flows through the cognitive
child gains pleasure by withholding and are unaware of it. It’s full of biological drives and instincts brain structures on mental processes. system in stages (input, output, etc). Rogers’ clien
expelling faeces. that influence our behaviour and personality. As early as the 1860’s, Paul Broca observed how A computer model would involve actually programming a computer revolutionise
Phallic (3-5yrs) Focus of pleasure is the The unconscious also contains threatening or disturbing damage to what later became known as the Broca’s and testing whether the output matches that of a human. clients (or pa
genital area. Child experiences the Oedipus memories that have been repressed. They can only be area could permanently impair speech. condition, an
or Electra complex. accessed through dreams or parapraxes. More recently, advances in brain scanning techniques, solutions.
Role of the schema
Latency Earlier conflicts are repressed Just underneath the conscious mind is the preconscious, such as fMRI and PET, have allowed scientists to The aims of
Cognitive processes can be affected by our personal experience clients feelin
Genital Sexual desires become conscious which contains thoughts we can access if we want. systematically study the role of different areas of the
and expectations. incongruenc
alongside the onset of puberty. brain.
Schema act as a mental framework to help us process lots of and help ind
Defence mechanism Scanning techniques have also proved useful in
sensory information quickly, without getting overwhelmed. We can functioning p
The ego uses several defence mechanisms to balance the establishing the neurological basis of a variety of
+ Explanatory power quickly categorise different things based on our past experience.
needs of the id and superego. mental disorders, such as OCD.
Although controversial, Freud’s theory was However, sometimes schema distort our interpretations of reality,
Repression is when a distressing memory is forced out of Cognitive neuroscience has now also expanded to
highly influential and, alongside leading to perceptual errors.
the conscious mind. include the use of computer models to ‘read’ the brain.
behaviourism, shaped much of modern
psychology. It’s been used to explain lots of Denial is refusing to acknowledge an aspect of reality
Displacement is when feelings are transferred from their + Objective methodology - Machine reductionism - Application to everyday life
phenomena, including personality
true source to a substitute target. The use of highly controlled While there are similarities between Cognitive psychologists can only make
development, abnormal behaviour, etc.
experiments allows cognitive computers and people, machine inferences about mental processes based
Oedipus & Electra complex (& Little Hans) psychologists to make inferences reductionism ignores the influence of on behaviour observed in research. This
- Case study method
about the mind with a credible emotion and motivation on humans. E.g. means a lot of the theories may be too
Freud’s theories were based on intensive Freud claimed that the Oedipus complex is experienced by
scientific basis. Neuroscience eyewitness testimony research shows how theoretical and abstract. Many of the lab
study of a small number of mostly boys in the Phallic stage. They develop incestuous feelings
also gives it a strong biological our memory can be affected by emotion. experiments are too artificial and lack
psychologically abnormal people. Although for their mother and a murderous hatred of their father.
the observations were carefully recorded, it’s Fearing their father will castrate them, they repress their basis. ecological validity.
not possible to make such universal claims feelings and take on his moral values and gender role.
based on such a small sample. Girls experience the Electra complex, where they develop
A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY
penis envy of their father and a hatred of their mother. The psychody
- Untestable concepts Eventually, they replace the desire for their father with a further devel
desire for a baby. development
Karl Popper argues that as the
Freud supported the Oedipus complex with a study of genetics influ
APPROACHES KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
psychodynamic approach cannot be tested
Little Hans, whose phobia of horses was attributed to his the self as a p
empirically, it can’t be disproved. This means
repressed fear of his father. ongoing proc
it can’t be considered a real science.
+ Scientific + Cog
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH credibility Social learning theory SLT provid
comprehe
By using highly
• Predates psychology, but has recently gained more popularity due to advances in • Emerged at the beginning of the 20th century and remained objective research • Bandura proposed social learning theory (SLT) as a of learning
technology, such as brain scanning techniques. the dominant approach for half the century methods, development of the behaviourist approach. behaviour
behaviourism was recognisin
• It examines the influence of physical processes in the body • Credited as being the driving force behind the development of
instrumental in the
• He argued that conditioning could not account for all mediation
psychology as a science. It is concerned with explaining development of learning. There are more mental processes that
Assumptions Genetic basis of behaviour behaviour in terms of what is observable and learning psychology as a mediate between stimulus and response. - Art
Everything in psychology is, at first, Twin studies are used by behaviour science. Many of B
biological. In order to fully understand geneticists to examine the influence of Assumptions Classic conditioning Assumptions based on
human behaviour, we must look at the genetics on behaviour. They compare Unlike the cognitive Learning through association. First Bandura agreed with behaviourists that we learn most which hav
+ Real life application validity du
influence of biological structures & the concordance rates between twins, approach, behaviourism is demonstrated by Pavlov with his behaviour through experience.
Principles of setting. PP
processes in the body, such as genes, which is the extent to which they only concerned with dog experiments. He showed that His SLT suggested a different way that people learn -
conditioning have a respond to
neurochemistry, nervous system, etc.
share the same characteristics. If through observation and imitation of others.
