AQA-Scheme of work A-level Business-Graded A+ 2022

AQA-Scheme of work A-level Business-Graded A+ 2022 © 2021 AQA Scheme of work A-level Business (7132) Version 2.2 Revised Summer 2021 Introduction The following scheme of work offers a route through the A-level Business course, covering all the sections and sub-sections in a logical order, including opportunities to develop the necessary set of skills required for interacting with the business world. Guidance is given about any prior knowledge which is helpful or required. The order is by no means prescriptive and there are many alternative ways in which the content could be organised. Time has been built in for assessment activities and revision but all timings are approximate. Assumed coverage This scheme assumes the AS course is a one-year course or the first year of a two-year A-level, with four hours of lessons per week, approximately 120 taught hours per year. A considerable amount of work would need to be completed outside lessons, partly depending on lesson time available. One and two teacher model Model for one teacher with a linear approach to the subject content (section 3.1 – 3.10) With two teachers, the model could be broken down as follows: First year Teacher 1 – 3.1, 3.3, 3.4 Teacher 2 – 3.2, 3.5, 3.6, (functional areas can be allocated according to teaching preference) Second year Teacher 1 – 3.7.1, 3.7.3, 3.7.5, 3.7.7, 3.8, 3.10.1, 3.10.2 Teacher 2 – 3.7.2, 3.7.4, 3.7.6, 3.7.8, 3.9, 3.10.3, 3.10.4 (suggested allocation) © © 2021 AQA 2 of 43 3.1 What is business? Total time: 15 hours + 1 hour for assessment activities. 3.1.1 Understanding the nature and purpose of business Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To understand why businesses 4 hours Learners may have no business • BBC Learning zone video – What is a business? • Tutor2U – Presentation – Objectives of a new business • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Mission, Aims, Objectives and Stakeholders • YouTube video (James Slocombe) – Accounting and Finance – Revenue and Profit exist knowledge before starting the To understand the relationship course, although some may have studied a business-related between mission and objectives subject. To examine common business objectives Learner activity looking at real-life examples such as: To understand why businesses set objectives • profit • growth • survival To understand the measurement and importance of profit. • cash flow • social • ethical objectives. Teacher led activity on the measurement of profit to include: • revenue (also turnover and sales) • fixed costs • variable costs • total costs. © 2021 AQA 3 of 43 3.1.2 Understanding different business forms Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To understand reasons for choosing different forms of business and for changing business form To understand the role of shareholders and why they invest To learn about influences on share price and the significance of share price changes The effects of ownership on mission, objectives, decisions and performance 7 hours Learners should be able to understand different forms of business and why these forms may change and the role of shareholders. Different forms of business include: • sole traders • private limited companies and public limited companies • private sector and public sector organisations • non-profit organisations such as charities and mutuals. Issues with different forms of business include: • unlimited and limited liability • ordinary share capital • market capitalisation • dividends. • Bee Business Bee types of ownership video (11.43) • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Start up Business Structures • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Limited liability • Tutor2U – Revision quiz – Legal structure • YouTube – Interview with Big Issue founder – John Bird (excellent resource to illustrate non–profit organisations) • Business Review magazine – Volume 19 – Number 1 ‘Can Facebook float?’ • YouTube – Why Go Limited? (cliqvid video) (1:28m) • Education Portal – Shareholders, Board of Director and Officer Roles • Education Portal – What are Dividends? Investing in Stocks • Tutor2U – Presentation – Shares • YouTube – How the stock exchange works (3:33m) © 2021 AQA 4 of 43 3.1.3 Understanding that businesses operate within an external environment Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To understand how the external 4 hours Factors influencing costs and • Educational Portal video – Macroeconomic issues in business • Tutor2U – Presentation – Introduction to Revenues and Demand • Mindtools • YouTube – Pest Analysis Explained environment can affect costs demand to include the effect of: and demand • competition • market conditions • incomes • interest rates • demographic factors • environmental issues and fair trade. © 2021 AQA 5 of 43 3.2 Managers, leadership and decision making Total time: 11 hours + 1 hour for assessment activities. 3.2.1 Understanding management, leadership and decision making Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To understand what managers 3 hours The role of managers should • YouTube – Education Portal – Management in organisations: Top, middle and low level managers (3.04) • Education Portal – Management vs. Leadership: the difference between a manager and leader (9.21) • Mindtools – What is leadership? • YouTube Learn what makes a good leader • Education Portal – The Black Mouton Managerial grid: Five leadership styles (7.31) • Education Portal – Leadership orientation: Task-orientated and People-orientated • Tutor2U – Presentation – Leadership: Models and Styles (includes the Tannenbaum Schmidt continuum) • B – Tannenbaum and Schmidt continuum • Educational Portal video – Setting business department goals • Educational Portal video – Controlling as a function of management • Educational Portal video – Reviewing goal achievement • Teaching Guide, Tannenbaum Schmidt continuum do include: To be aware of types of management and leadership styles and influences on these • setting objectives • analysing • leading • making decisions To understand the effectiveness • reviewing. of different styles of management and leadership Theories of management and leadership styles should include: • the Tannenbaum Schmidt continuum • the Blake Mouton grid. © 2021 AQA 6 of 43 3.2.2 Understanding management decision making Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about the value 4 hours Scientific decision • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Risks and rewards to enterprise of decision making based on data (scientific decision making) and on making should include understanding and interpreting decision • BBC Radio 4 – The Bottom Line (pod cast): 22/02/2011 (second part of the programme starting at 15:47m) (excellent discussion on whether business decisions are based mainly on data or hunch time: 26.31) intuition trees and calculating • Education Portal – The Decision Making Process for Organisations expected value and net • Business Review magazine – Volume 20 – Number 1 ‘Risk and Reward’ To understand the use and value of decision gains. • Education Portal – Decision making for managers: Certainty, risks and uncertainty trees in decision making To understand the Decision making to include an understanding of: • Teaching Guide, Decision trees • Teaching Guide, Scientific Decision Making influences on decision making • risks • rewards • uncertainty • opportunity costs. Influences on decision making to include: • mission • objectives • ethics • the external environment including competition • resource constraints. © 2021 AQA 7 of 43 3.2.3 Understanding the role and importance of stakeholders Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about considering stakeholders’ needs when making decisions 4 hours Stakeholder mapping: stakeholder power and interest. • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Mission, Aims, Objectives and Stakeholders • Tutor2U – Presentation – Stakeholders • Tutor2U – Stakeholders in business – Lesson worksheet • Tutor2U – Stakeholder conflict in the battle over Royal Mail – article • Tutor2U – Do businesses have a responsibility beyond profit? – debate • Teaching guide, Stakeholder mapping To learn about stakeholder needs and the possible overlap and conflict of these needs Managing the relationship with different stakeholders includes communication and consultation. To understand influences on the relationship with stakeholders To learn about how to manage the relationship with different stakeholders © 2021 AQA 8 of 43 3.3 Decision making to improve marketing performance Total time: 24 hours + 2 hours for assessment activities. 3.3.1 Setting marketing objectives Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To understand the value of setting marketing objectives To learn about external and internal influences on marketing objectives and decisions 4 hours Marketing objectives include: • sales volume and sales value • market size • market and sales growth • market share • brand loyalty. • Tutor2U – Presentation – Introduction to marketing • Tutor2U – Presentation – Marketing objectives • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Marketing objectives • Tutor2U – Presentation – Marketing analysis (includes market size, growth and market share) • Teaching Guide, decision making to improve operational performance podcast © 2021 AQA 9 of 43 3.3.2 Understanding markets and customers Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about the value of primary and secondary marketing research To learn about the value of sampling To understand the interpretation of marketing data To understand the value of technology in gathering and analysing data for marketing decision making To understand the interpretation of price and income elasticity of demand data To understand the value of the concepts of price and income elasticity of demand to marketing decision makers To learn about the use of data in marketing decision making and planning 8 hours Marketing research should include: • qualitative and quantitative data • market mapping. You should be able to calculate market and sales growth, market share and size. Interpretation of marketing data should include: • positive and negative correlation and an understanding of the strength of the relationship • understanding the concept of confidence intervals • understanding extrapolation. You should be able to interpret price and income elasticity of demand data and be able to analyse the impact of changes in price and income on revenue (you do not need to be able to calculate these). • Tutor2U – Presentation – Market research introduction • Tutor2U – Presentation – Marketing research methods • Tutor2U – Presentation – Secondary research • Market mapping • Teaching Guide market mapping • Tutor2U – Presentation – Sampling • Tutor2U – Presentation – Price elasticity of demand (use the first part of the presentation only) • Teaching Guide, price elasticity of demand • YouTube video (James Slocombe) – Market planning –Income elasticity • Tutor2U – Presentation – Income elasticity of demand • YouTube video (James Slocombe) – Market planning –Price elasticity • Tutor2U – Presentation – Forecasting for marketing • Educational Portal – How to interpret correlations in research • Tutor2U – Presentation – Analysing Marketing Data • (includes moving averages, extrapolation and correlation) • Teaching Guide, Income Elasticity of Demand • Business Review magazine – Volume 19 – Number 2 ‘It’s hard to predict’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 17 – Number 3 ‘Testing times’ © 2021 AQA 10 of 43 3.3.3 Making marketing decisions: segmentation, targeting, positioning Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about the process and 2 hours Segmentation methods • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Targeting • Tutor2U – Presentation – Consumer segmentation • TES – market segmentation • Tutor2U – Presentation – STP Market segmentation • Tutor2U – Presentation – Product positioning • Tutor2U – Presentation – Niche marketing • Teaming Guide, STP market segmentation value of segmentation, targeting include: and positioning • demographic To learn about the influences on choosing a target market and positioning • geographic • income • behavioural segmentation. Targeting may include niche and mass marketing. © 2021 AQA 11 of 43 3.3.4 Making marketing decisions: using the marketing mix Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To understand the elements of the marketing mix (7Ps) 10 hours The marketing mix should be considered for goods and services, both industrial and consumer. Types of consumer goods considered should include convenience, shopping and speciality products. Product decisions should include: • the value of product portfolio analysis and the Boston Matrix • the value of the product life cycle model including extension strategies • influences on and the value of new product development. Pricing decisions should include penetration and price skimming. Promotional decisions should include the value of branding. • Mindtools – The 4Ps Marketing Mix • YouTube – how to position your market offering (3.40) • Tutor2U – Presentation – Marketing of services • Tutor2U – Presentation – Types of consumer products • Tutor2U – Presentation – Levels of products • Tutor2U – Product positioning • Tutor2U – Presentation – Product mix • Tutor2U – Presentation – Product Life Cycle • Tutor2U – Presentation – Boston matrix • Tutor2U – Presentation – Marketing and Product portfolios • Tutor2U – Presentation – Pricing • BBC – Dragon’s Den – The Wholeleaf company (approx. 10m) (excellent to illustrate the importance of ‘price’ in the marketing mix 11.07) • Teaching Guide, Marketing Mix, 7ps • Tutor2U – Presentation – Skimming vs Penetration • Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 2 ‘How much are you thinking? Psychological pricing’ • Tutor2U – Presentation – Marketing mix: Introduction to promotion • Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 4 ‘Branding’ • Tutor2U – Presentation – Marketing mix: Introduction to place • Tutor2U – Presentation – Physical distribution • Tutor2U – Presentation – Channel strategy • Business Review magazine – Volume 19 – Number 1 ‘The business of blogging’ • YouTube video – B2C vs B2B: the basics (3:18) To learn about the influences on and effects of changes in the elements of the marketing mix To learn about product decisions To learn about pricing decisions To understand decisions about the promotional mix To learn about distribution (place) decisions To learn about decisions relating to other elements of the marketing mix: people, process and physical element To understand the importance of and influences on an integrated marketing mix To understand the value of digital marketing and e-commerce © 2021 AQA 12 of 43 Distribution decisions should include multi-channel distribution. Influences on an integrated marketing mix include: • the position in the product life cycle • the Boston Matrix • the type of product • marketing objectives • the target market • competition • positioning. • Teaching Guide, Product life Cycle • Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 4 ‘From cheapest car to Jaguar – Tata’s product portfolio’ • Tutor2U – Presentation – Marketing mix • Already referenced higher up Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 1 ‘Communication revolution – Marketing in the service sector’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 19 – Number 4 ‘Red Bull’ (its innovative and aggressive marketing strategies) • Tutor2U – Interactive quizzes on marketing © 2021 AQA 13 of 43 3.4 Decision making to improve operational performance Total time: 24 hours + 2 hours for assessment activities. 3.4.1 Setting operational objectives Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To understand the value of setting operational objectives To learn about external and internal influences on operational objectives and decisions 2 hours Operational objectives include: • costs • quality • speed of response and flexibility • dependability • environmental objectives • added value. • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Operational objectives • Tutor2U – Presentation – Making operational decisions • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Adding value and the transformation process • Teaching guide – decision making to improve operational performance 3.4.2 Analysing operational performance Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about the interpretation of operations data To calculate operations data 3 hours You should be able to calculate: • labour productivity • unit costs (average costs) • capacity • capacity utilisation. • Tutor2U – Presentation – Labour productivity • Tutor2U – Worksheet – Capacity Utilisation • Bee Business Bee capacity utilisation on YouTube (6.00) • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Making operational decisions • Tutor2U – Example of capacity utilisation (article) © 2021 AQA 14 of 43 3.4.3 Making operational decisions to improve performance: increasing efficiency and productivity Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To understand the importance of capacity To understand the importance of efficiency and labour productivity To learn about how to increase efficiency and labour productivity To understand the benefits and difficulties of lean production To learn about the difficulties increasing efficiency and labour productivity To learn about how to choose the optimal mix of resources To learn about how to utilise capacity efficiently To understand how to use technology to improve operational efficiency 8 hours Lean production should include ‘Just-In-Time’ operations. The mix of resources should include an understanding of labour and capital intensive processes. • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Economies of scale and resource mix • BBC Learning zone video – New technology, efficiency and redundancy (3:34m) • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Making operational decisions • Tutor2U – Hand–out – Just in time • Tutor2U – Presentation – Lean production • S lean organisational structure • BBC Learning zone video – Just–in–Time delivery (3:50m) • YouTube video – Hoover Cambuslang Factory Back to the Floor (37:23m) • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Operations and technology © 2021 AQA 15 of 43 3.4.4 Making operational decisions to improve performance: improving quality Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about the importance of quality To learn about methods of improving quality To learn about the benefits and difficulties of improving quality To learn about the consequences of poor quality 4 hours Methods of improving quality should include quality assurance. • Tutor2U – Hand–out – Introduction to quality • Tutor2U – Presentation – Managing quality • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Making operational decisions • YouTube video – Loake Shoemakers – (5.35) • Daily Mail – Aldi is successful because of its quality • BBC Learning zone video: Production on mechanised production line (3:13m) • Tutor2U – Quiz – Quality © 2021 AQA 16 of 43 3.4.5 Making operational decisions to improve performance: managing inventory and supply chains Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about the ways 7 hours An understanding of flexibility should include mass customisation. Ways of matching supply to demand include: • outsourcing • use of temporary and part time employees • producing to order. Inventory control should include: • interpreting inventory control charts • lead time • re-order levels • buffer level of inventory • re-order quantities. • Tutor2U – Presentation – Special order contracts • Tutor2U – Presentation – Stock control – The importance of managing stocks • Marks and Spencer article about investing in stock control technology • YouTube video – A very brief introduction to stock control charts (3.37) • Business Studies Online – Presentation – Stock control • YouTube (James Slocombe) video – Stock control and lean production (3.27) • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Making operational decisions • S – Working with suppliers • Tutor2U – Quiz – Working with suppliers • YouTube video – What is supply chain management? (8.04) • YouTube video – Walmart Chain management (supply chain and ethics –strong emphasis on ethics 6.51) • Tutor2U – Presentation – Outsourcing • Teaching Guide, Inventory Control Chart and value of improving flexibility, speed of response and dependability To understand how to manage supply to match demand and the value of doing so To learn about the influences on the amount of inventory held To learn about influences on the choice of suppliers To learn about how to manage the supply chain effectively and efficiently and the value of this To understand the value of outsourcing © 2021 AQA 17 of 43 3.5 Decision making to improve financial performance Total time: 18 hours + 2 hours for assessment/revision activities. 3.5.1 Setting financial objectives Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To understand the value of setting financial objectives To understand the distinction between cash flow and profit To understand the distinction between gross profit, operating profit and profit for the year 4 hours Financial objectives to include: • the concept of a return on investment • an understanding of the proportion of long-term funding that is debt. • Slideshare – Presentation – Financial objectives (includes internal and external factors influencing financial objectives) • Tutor2U – Hand–out – Financial objectives – Measures • Tutor2U – Presentation – Calculating and interpreting profit • Bee business bee calculating profit (5.12) • Tutor2U – Presentation – Measuring and increasing profit • Tutor2U – Presentation – Profit and Cash • Teaching guide podcast – decision making to improve financial performance To learn about revenue, costs and profit objectives To learn about cash flow objectives To learn about objectives for investment (capital expenditure) levels To learn about capital structure objectives To understand external and internal influences on financial objectives and decisions © 2021 AQA 18 of 43 3.5.2 Analysing financial performance Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn how to construct and analyse budgets and cash flow forecasts 7 hours Analysing budgets should include variance analysis and adverse and favourable variances. Break-even analysis should include: • Break-even output • margin of safety • contribution per unit • total contribution. Analysing profitability should include the following ratio analysis: • gross profit • profit from operations • profit for the year. Analysing timings of cash flow should include an understanding of payables and receivables. • YouTube (James Slocombe) – Accounting and Finance –Budgeting (6.05) • YouTube (James Sloc ombe) – Accounting and Finance –Variance analysis (7.27) • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Using budgets • Business Review magazine – Volume 20 – Number 2 ‘A guide to budgeting’ • YouTube – What is cash flow forecast? (Cliqvid 1.47) • YouTube (James Slocombe) – Accounting and Finance –Cashflow (5.35) • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Forecasting Cash flows(emphasis on start–ups) • YouTube (James Slocombe) – Accounting and Finance – Costs (4.32) • YouTube (James Slocombe) – Accounting and Finance –Breakeven analysis and contribution (7.42) • YouTube (James Slocombe) – Accounting and Finance –Breakeven charts (4.28) • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Breakeven analysis To understand the value of budgeting To learn how to construct and interpret break-even charts To learn how to calculate and illustrate on a break-even chart the effects of changes in price, output and cost To calculate the value of break-even analysis To learn how to analyse profitability To learn how to analyse timings of cash inflows and outflows To understand the use of data for financial decision making and planning © 2021 AQA 19 of 43 3.5.3 Making financial decisions: sources of finance Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about internal and external sources of finance 4 hours Sources of finance should include: • Tutor2U – Presentation – Sources of Finance • Business Review magazine – Volume 20 – Number 1 ‘New Sources of finance’ • YouTube (James Slocombe) – Accounting and Finance –Sources of finance (6.12) • YouTube video – Loan vs overdraft (Cliqvid 1.18) • YouTube video – How does Invoice Financing works (Cliqvid 1.22) (explanation of ‘Debt factoring’) To understand the advantages and disadvantages of different sources of finance for short-and long-term uses • debt factoring • overdrafts • retained profits • share capital • loans • venture capital. 3.5.4 Making financial decisions: improving cash flow and profits Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about methods of improving cash flow To learn about methods of improving profits and profitability To learn about difficulties improving cash flow and profit 3 hours You should be able to assess ways of improving cash flow. You should be able to assess ways of improving profitability. • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Improving Cash Flow • Tutor2U – Presentation – Measuring and improving profit © 2021 AQA 20 of 43 3.6 Decision making to improve human resource performance Total time: 19 hours + 1 hour for assessment activities. 3.6.1 Setting human resource objectives Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To understand the value of setting human resource objectives To learn about internal and external influences on human resources objectives and decisions 2 hours Human resource objectives include: • employee engagement and involvement • talent development • training • diversity • alignment of values • number, skills and location of employees. • YouTube video (James Slocombe) – Human Resource Management (9.24) • Slideshare – the importance of human capital in business • Tutor2U – Presentation – Introduction to HR strategies and objectives (section on ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ HRM) • Bee business bee Workforce planning (6.41) • YouTube video – I’ll show them who’s boss: Arsenic and Old Lace (33:05m) excellent illustration of ‘Hard’ HRM and the importance of communication in business • Teaching guide, Decision making to improve human resource performance podcast Influences on human resource objectives such as soft and hard Human Resource Management (HRM) approaches. © 2021 AQA 21 of 43 3.6.2 Analysing human resource performance Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To calculate and interpret human resource data 4 hours You should be able to calculate and interpret: • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Measuring Workforce effectiveness • Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 2 ‘Labour turnover’ • Tutor2U – Quiz – Workforce planning • Tutor2U – Quiz – HRM Objectives and Influences • Educational Portal – Aligning HRM and Organisational Strategy To understand the use of data for human resource decision making and planning • labour turnover and retention rates • labour productivity • employee costs as percentage of turnover • labour cost per unit. © 2021 AQA 22 of 43 3.6.3 Making human resource decisions: improving organisational design and managing the human resource flow Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about influences on job design 6 hours Job design to include Hackman and Oldham’s model. Decisions relating to organisational design include: • authority • span • hierarchy • delegation • centralisation and decentralisation. Human resource flow to include: • human resource plan • recruitment • training • redeployment • redundancy. • Education Portal video – Hackman and Oldham’s model • Education Portal video – Job design: definition and purpose • Education Portal video – What is delegation • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Organisational structures (intro) • YouTube (James Slocombe) – Organisational Structure (4.26) • Education Portal video – Organisational design and structure • Bee business bee organisation structure (4.54) • Tutor2U – Presentation – Centralised and Decentralised decision making • Education Portal video – Authority in centralised and decentralised organisations • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Improving organisation structures • Tutor2U – Quiz – Competitive structures • Teaching Guide and Oldham’s model of job design To learn about influences on organisation design To learn about influences on delegation, centralisation and decentralisation To learn about the value of changing job and organisational design To understand how managing the human resource flow helps meet human resource objectives © 2021 AQA 23 of 43 3.6.4 Making human resource decisions: improving motivation and engagement Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about the benefits of motivated and engaged employees 4 hours Theories of motivation should include Taylor, Maslow and Herzberg. • YouTube video (James Slocombe) – Motivation theories • Tutor2U – Presentation – Motivation in theory • Tutor2U – Presentation – Motivation in practice • Channel 4 OD – Undercover Boss: Andy Edge, Park Resorts (series 1, episode 1) (59m) (Excellent to illustrate the impacts of financial rewards, employee empowerment and recognition, centralisation, decentralisation on motivation and employee behaviour) • Education Portal video – Vroom’s expectancy theory of employee motivation • Alanis Business Academy video (6.20) • Business Review magazine – Volume 20 – Number 3 ‘Leadership – The Blake and Mouton managerial grid’ • YouTube – Learn Loads (3.17) • Teaching Guide, Blake Mouton • Teaching guide, Motivation To understand how to improve employee engagement and motivation To understand the value of theories of motivation Financial methods of motivation should include: • piece rate • commission • salary schemes • performance-related pay. To learn about the use of financial methods of motivation To learn about the use of non-financial methods of motivating employees To learn about influences on the choice and assessment of the effectiveness of financial and non-financial rewards systems © 2021 AQA 24 of 43 3.6.5 Making human resource decisions: improving employer-employee relations Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about influences on the extent and methods of employee involvement in decision making To learn about how to manage and improve employer-employee communications and relations To understand the value of good employer-employee relations 3 hours Employee representation methods to include trade unions and works councils. • Tutor2U – Presentation – Employee representation and trade unions • Unions into Schools (includes presentations and activities) • Slideshare – conflict resolution • Bee business bee – Effective workplace communication (6.37) • Educational Portal video – Organisational communication • Film: Made in Dagenham (selected sections) © 2021 AQA 25 of 43 3.7 Analysing the strategic position of a business Total time: 47 hours + 1 hour for assessment activities. 3.7.1 Mission, corporate objectives and strategy Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about influences on the mission of a business To learn about internal and external influences on corporate objectives and decisions 6 hours Influences on corporate objectives should include the pressures for short termism, business ownership, the external and internal environment. • Tutor2U – Presentation – Mission, Aims, Objectives and Stakeholders • Tutor2U – Lesson plan – Aims and Objectives for A2 – Suggested lessons • Tutor2U – Presentation – Mission statements • Educational Portal video – Company mission statement: definition and examples • YouTube: ‘Don’t write a mission statement, write a mantra’ (4:33m) • Tutor2U – Presentation – Introduction to strategy • Tutor2U – Presentation – Corporate and functional objectives • Educational Portal video – Types of planning: Strategic, tactical, operational and contingency planning • Educational Portal video – Planning as a function of management • YouTube video: ‘What is Good Corporate Strategy?’ (4:46m) • Tutor2U – Presentation – SWOT analysis • Educational Portal video – What is SWOT analysis: situation analysis in marketing • Educational Portal video – What is SWOT analysis • Mindtools – Bowman’s strategy clock explained • YouTube video – Scholes 08 The Strategic Clock (1:58) • Teaching Guide, Swot analysis • Teaching Guide, Bowman’s Strategic Clock • Business Review magazine – Volume 19 – Number 4 ‘The whys and hows of corporate strategy’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 2 ‘Great British companies – Rolls–Royce’ To understand the distinction between strategy and tactics To learn about the links between mission, corporate objectives and strategy To learn about the impact of strategic decision making on functional decision making To understand the value of SWOT analysis © 2021 AQA 26 of 43 • Business Review magazine – Volume 17 – Number 4 ‘Profit as a business objective’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 17 – Number 1 ‘Pursuing growth’ 3.7.2 Analysing the existing internal position of a business to assess strengths and weaknesses: financial ratio analysis Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about how to assess the financial performance of a 9 hours Financial ratio analysis to include: • profitability (return on capital employed) • liquidity (current ratio) • gearing • efficiency ratios: payables days, receivables days, inventory turnover. • YouTube video – What is a balance sheet? (videovid 1.38) business using balance • Tutor2U – Presentation – Balance sheet basics sheets, income statements and financial ratios • Bee business bee YouTube video, income statements (6.21) • Tutor2U – Presentation – Income Statement basics To understand the value of • Tutor2U – Presentation – Liquidity ratios financial ratios when assessing performance • Tutor2U – Presentation – Profitability ratios • Tutor2U – Presentation – Financial efficiency ratios • Tutor2U – Presentation – Shareholder ratios • Tutor2U – Presentation – Balanced scorecard • Mindtools – The Triple Bottom line • Teaching Guide, Elkington’s triple bottom line • Business Review magazine – Volume 17 – Number 3 ‘Manchester United’s gearing crisis’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 17 – Number 1 ‘Mulberry – Balance Sheets and Alexa Chung’ © 2021 AQA 27 of 43 3.7.3 Analysing the existing internal position of a business to assess strengths and weaknesses: overall performance Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about how to analyse data other than financial statements to assess the strengths and weaknesses of a business To understand the importance of core competences To learn about assessing short- and long-term performance The value of different measures of assessing business performance 7 hours Data other than financial statements should include operations, human resource and marketing data. Data may analysed over time or in comparison with other businesses. Methods of assessing overall business performance to include: • Kaplan and Norton’s Balanced Scorecard model • Elkington’s Triple Bottom line (Profit, People, Planet). • Tutor2U – Presentation – Measuring workforce effectiveness • Tutor2U – Presentation – Short Run and Long Run • YouTube video – Triple Bottom Line: the science of good business • Teaching guide, the importance of stakeholders Podcast • Teaching Guide, Kaplan and Norton’s balance scorecard model. © 2021 AQA 28 of 43 3.7.4 Analysing the external environment to assess opportunities and threats: political and legal change Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about the impact of changes in the political and legal environment on strategic and functional decision making 3 hours The political and legal environment should include a broad understanding of the scope and effects of UK and EU law related to competition, the labour market and environmental legislation. The impact of UK and EU Government policy related to enterprise, the role of regulators, infrastructure, the environment and international trade. • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Business Legislation • Business Review magazine – Volume 19 – Number 1 ‘Supply-side myths – From policy to evaluation’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 3 ‘Regulation is needed’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 17 – Number 3 ‘Youth unemployment – Problems and policies’’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 2 ‘The free market is ethical’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 16 – Number 4 ‘Who wants protection?’ © 2021 AQA 29 of 43 3.7.5 Analysing the external environment to assess opportunities and threats: economic change Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about the impact of 8 hours Economic factors to include: • GDP • taxation • exchange rates • inflation • fiscal and monetary policy • more open trade vs protectionism. You should be able to understand economic data, interpret changes in economic data for the UK, the European Union and globally, and consider the implications of such changes for business. • Educational Portal video – Macroeconomic issues in business • Tutor2U – Presentation – Business and Interest Rates • BBC interest rates explained interactive video • Tutor2U – Presentation – Business and Inflation • Tutor2U – Presentation – Exchange Rates • Tutor2U – Presentation – Business and Unemployment • Tutor2U – Presentation – Business Cycle and Economic Growth • BBC – What is GDP? • Tutor2U video – Video case study – EU Legislation impact on business • Business Review magazine – Volume 19 – Number 2 ‘It’s the economy, stupid’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 17 – Number 3 ‘Youth unemployment – Problems and policies’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 17 – Number 3 ‘Twitter – The pulse of the planet?’ changes in the UK and the global economic environment on strategic and functional decision making To understand reasons for greater globalisation of business To learn about the importance of globalisation for business To learn about the importance of emerging economies for business © 2021 AQA 30 of 43 3.7.6 Analysing the external environment to assess opportunities and threats: social and technological Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about the impact of 4 hours Social changes to include • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Business and the Technological environment • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Social environment and Business • Tutor2U – Presentation – Corporate Social Responsibility • YouTube video – What is corporate social responsibility (CSR)? (10:57m) • YouTube video – What is Corporate Social Responsibility? (5:10m) • Slideshare – Introduction to CSR (includes Carroll’s pyramid theory) • Business Review magazine – Volume 17 – Number 3 ‘Twitter – The pulse of the planet?’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 2 ‘Will Facebook fail?’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 1 ‘Pay walls – The saviour for newspapers?’ • Teaching guide, Carrol’s corporate social responsibility pyramid the social and technological demographic changes and environment on strategic and functional decision making population movements such as: • urbanisation and migration To learn about the pressures for socially responsible behaviour • changes in consumer lifestyle and buying behaviour • the growth of online businesses. The social environment to include Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and: • the reasons for and against CSR • the difference between the stakeholder vs shareholder concept • Carroll’s Corporate Social Responsibility pyramid. Technological change should include the impact of technological change on functional areas and strategy. © 2021 AQA 31 of 43 3.7.7 Analysing the external environment to assess opportunities and threats: the competitive environment Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about Porter’s five forces, how and why these might change, and the implications of these forces for strategic and functional decision making and profits 4 hours An understanding of the five forces to include: • entry threat (barriers to entry) • buyer power • supplier power • rivalry • substitute threat. You should consider how the five forces shape competitive strategy. • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Porter’s Five Forces • Tutor2U – Presentation – Five Forces analysis • YouTube – Porter’s five forces • Teaching Guide, Porter’s five forces • Bee business bee porters five forces explained (6.25) • Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 2 ‘British Airways – Managing change in a competitive market place’ • Tutor2U – Presentation – Competitive environment – five forces © 2021 AQA 32 of 43 3.7.8 Analysing strategic options: investment appraisal Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To understand financial methods of assessing an investment To learn about the factors influencing investment decisions To learn about the value of sensitivity analysis 6 hours Investment appraisal to include the calculation and interpretation of payback, average rate of return and net present value • Tutor2U – Presentation – Investment appraisal • Tutor2U – Revision quiz – Investment appraisal • Tutor2U – Presentation – Investment appraisal – non discounting (Payback and ARR) • Tutor2U – Presentation – Investment appraisal –discounting method (NPV) • Teaching Guide, Investment appraisal • Teaching Guide, Sensitivity analysis © 2021 AQA 33 of 43 3.8 Choosing strategic direction Total time: 9 hours + 1 hour for assessment activities. 3.8.1 Strategic direction: choosing which markets to compete in and what products to offer Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To understand factors 5 hours Strategic direction to include the Ansoff Matrix and value of: • market penetration • market development • new product development • diversification. • Tutor2U – Presentation – The marketing environment influencing which markets to compete in and which products to offer • Business Review magazine – Volume 20 – Number 3 ‘Whole Foods Market’ • Tutor2U – Presentation – Ansoff’s matrix • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Ansoff’s matrix To understand the reasons for choosing and value of different options for strategic direction • Bee business bee video – YouTube (Ansoff 5.35) • Tutor2U – Presentation – Marketing strategy • Tutor2U – Samsung: Boston Matrix, culture and dividend yield • Educational Portal – Competitive Advantage: the importance of strategic marketing • Tutor2U – Presentation – Short run and long run • Teaching Guide, Porter’s Strategic Matrix • stakeholder mapping • Teaching Guide, Boston Matrix • Business Review magazine – Volume 19 – Number 2 ‘IKEA’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 19 – Number 1 ‘Hell pizza’ (the Ansoff’s matrix applied to a small pizza company) • Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 3 ‘One in ten – Launching new brands’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 3 ‘The hotel industry – Porter’s generic strategies’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 3 ‘Whitbread – Successful diversification’ © 2021 AQA 34 of 43 • Business Review magazine – Volume 17 – Number 3 ‘Diversification’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 17 – Number 4 ‘Porter’s generic strategies’ 3.8.2 Strategic positioning: choosing how to compete Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about how to compete in terms of benefits and price To learn about influences on the choice of a positioning strategy To learn about the value of different strategic positioning strategies To understand the benefits of having a competitive advantage To understand the difficulties of maintaining a competitive advantage 4 hours Strategic positioning to include: • Porter’s low cost, differentiation and focus strategies • Bowman’s strategic clock. • Tutor2U – Presentation – Generic strategies • Educational Portal video – Types of competitive advantage: cost, product, niche and sustainable advantages • Marketing – Bowman’s Strategic Clock (lesson and activity) • Teaching guide, Choosing a strategic direction Podcast • Teaching guide, analysing a strategic decision Podcast • Teaching Guide, Ansoff Matrix Podcast • Teaching guide, strategic drift Podcast © 2021 AQA 35 of 43 3.9 Strategic methods: how to pursue strategies Total time: 28 hours + 2 hours for assessment activities. 3.9.1 Assessing a change in scale Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To understand the reasons why businesses grow or retrench 9 hours Types of growth to include organic and external. • Tutor2U – Presentation – Business growth (covers internal and external, mergers, acquisitions, etc.) • YouTube – Stages of Business Growth • Tutor2U – Presentation – The motives for Takeovers and Mergers and how these link with corporate strategy • Tutor2U – Presentation – Acquisitions • Educational Portal video – Corporate expansion: mergers and acquisitions • Educational Portal video – Franchise: opportunities and challenges • BBC Learning Zone Video – Exploring the franchise business model(5.13) • Tutor2U – Presentation – Improving cash flow (slides 11 and 12 cover ‘Overtrading’ • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Retrenchment • Mindtools – The Greiner Curve • Teaching Guide, Grenier’s Model of Growth • YouTube – Business Skills Tutorial: How growth drives change (4:38m) (excellent video explaining clearly the Greiner Curve) • Tutor2U – Growth for firms • Business Review magazine – Volume 19 – Number 2 ‘The urge to demerge’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 20 – Number 2 ‘Conglomerates and emerging markets’ To understand the difference between organic and external growth To learn about how to manage and overcome the problems of growth or retrenchment Issues with growth should include: • economies of scale (including technical, purchasing and managerial) • economies of scope • diseconomies of scale • the experience curve • synergy • overtrading. To learn about the impact of growth or retrenchment on the functional areas of the business Issues with managing growth should include Greiner’s model of growth. To assess methods and types of growth Methods of growth to include mergers, takeovers, ventures, franchising. Types of growth to include vertical (backward and forward), horizontal and conglomerate integration. © 2021 AQA 36 of 43 3.9.2 Assessing innovation Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about the pressures 4 hours Types of innovation should • YouTube – Business model innovation (8:22m) (excellent video) • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Innovation • BBC News – Patent wars: Stripping the iPhone bare (3:33m) • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Protecting a business idea • YouTube video – Kate Keene and the continuous improvement (10:05m) (excellent video on Kaizen) • Business Review magazine – Volume 15 – Number 3 ‘Innovation – The heart of business success’ of innovation include product and process innovation. To understand the value of innovation Ways of becoming innovative include: To learn about ways of becoming an innovative organisation • kaizen • research and development • intrapreneurship To learn about how to protect • benchmarking. innovation and intellectual property Ways of protecting intellectual property include patents and To learn about the impact of an innovation strategy on the copyrights. functional areas of the business © 2021 AQA 37 of 43 3.9.3 Assessing internationalisation Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about reasons for 11 hours Methods of entering international markets include: • export • licensing • alliances • direct investment. Decisions regarding producing overseas include off-shoring and re-shoring. Targeting overseas markets may include being a multinational. Managing international business incudes Bartlett and Ghoshal’s international, multi-domestic, transnational and global strategies. • YouTube video (as an introduction) – McDonalds Global Strategy (4:29m) • Tutor2U – Presentation – Global strategy • Tutor2U – Presentation – International marketing • Educational Portal video – International business expansion methods • Educational Portal – Managing in International Companies • Educational Portal video – Internationalisation and Globalisation of businesses • YouTube video – Strategy and structure of MNC (includes Bartlett and Ghoshal’s international strategies) • YouTube video – Theo’s Adventure Capitalists – Brazil 1 of 4 –BBC Documentary (10.55) (entire series available on YouTube. Covering doing business in Brazil, India and Vietnam) • Business Review magazine – Volume 20 – Number 3 ‘Topshop and Zara in China: why strategy matters’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 19 – Number 4 ‘Doing business in emerging markets’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 19 – Number 2 ‘Africa –Less guilt, more action’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 2 ‘Postcard from Dubai’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 16 – Number 3 ‘Globalisation – A new world order?’ • Teaching Guide, Bartlett and Ghoshal’s international, multi-domestic, transnational and global strategies targeting, operating in and trading with international markets To understand factors influencing the attractiveness of international markets To learn about reasons for producing more and sourcing more resources abroad To learn about ways of entering international markets and value of different methods To learn about influences on buying, selling and producing abroad To learn about managing international business including pressures for local responsiveness and pressures for cost reduction To understand the impact of internationalisation for the functional areas of the business © 2021 AQA 38 of 43 3.9.4 Assessing greater use of digital technology Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about the pressures to adopt digital technology To understand the value of digital technology To learn about the impact of digital technology on the functional areas of the business 4 hours Digital technology should include e-commerce, big data, data mining and enterprise resource planning (ERP). • Educational Portal video – Technology’s impact on marketing and marketers • Educational Portal video – e-business enhanced and e-business enabled organisations © 2021 AQA 39 of 43 3.10 Managing strategic change Total time: 30 hours + 2 hours for assessment/revision activities. 3.10.1 Managing change Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about causes of pressures for change To understand the value of change To understand the value of a flexible organisation To understand the value of managing information and knowledge To learn about barriers to change To learn how to overcome barriers to change 11 hours Types of change include: • internal change • external change • incremental change • disruptive change. Managing change should include: • Lewin’s force field analysis. Flexible organisations include: • restructuring • delayering • flexible employment contracts • organic structures vs mechanistic • knowledge and information management. Kotter and Schlesinger’s four reasons for resistance to change. • YouTube video – What is change management? (3:27m) • Tutor2U – Presentation – Change management • Educational Portal video – How internal and external factors drive organisational change • BBC Learning Zone video – Crisis management in business (6.08) • Educational Portal video – The Planned change process • Educational Portal video – Lewins’ 3 stage model of change • Educational Portal video – Kurt Lewins’ Force Field Analysis Change Model • Education Portal video – Kotter’s 8 step change model of management • Educational Portal video – Applying Kotter’s 8 step change model • Tutor2U – Lewins force field model • Teaching Guide Lewin’s force field analysis, Podcast • Business Review magazine – Volume 20 – Number 1 ‘The return of privatisation’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 3 ‘Crisis management – The last resort’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 2 ‘British Airways – Managing change in a competitive market place’ © 2021 AQA 40 of 43 Kotter and Schlesinger’s six ways of overcoming resistance to change. • Business Review magazine – Volume 18 – Number 2 ‘Leading people through change’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 17 – Number 4 ‘Adapting in the airline industry’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 16 – Number 4 ‘Resistance to change’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 16 – Number 3 ‘Internal forces causing business change’ • Tutor2U – Revision presentation – Delayering • Educational Portal video – Organisational downsizing –Definition, strategies and Business impacts • Undercover Boss (UK) – Series 2 – Episode 5 – Viridor (CEO meets with temporary worker and discuss the pros and cons of using temporary contracts. Show from 25:11 to 30:00, 37:57 to 38:13 and 40:28 to 41:35. Duration approx 9m) • Business Review magazine – Volume 17 – Number 3 ‘Part–time and flexible working – A new approach’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 16 – Number 4 ‘Charles Handy’s shamrock organisation’ • Teaching Guide, Kotter and Schlesinger’s reasons for resistance to change • Teaching Guide, Kotter and Schlesinger’s model for overcoming resistance to change © 2021 AQA 41 of 43 3.10.2 Managing organisational culture Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To understand the importance of organisational culture To learn about the influences on organisational culture To learn about the reasons for and problems of changing organisational culture 4 hours Cultural models should include: • Handy’s task culture, role culture, power culture and person culture • Hofstede’s national cultures. • Tutor2U – Hand–out – Corporate culture – Types of culture • Tutor2U – Presentation – Business Culture • Educational Portal – Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory • YouTube video – Hofstede’s Model on Cultural Dimensions (5.35) • YouTube video – Geert Hofstede – The recent discovery about cultural differences(29.35) • Teaching Guide, Handy’s Culture • Teaching Guide, Hofstede’s National Cultures • Business Review magazine – Volume 19 – Number 4 ‘Culture’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 19 – Number 4 ‘Charles Handy’ © 2021 AQA 42 of 43 3.10.3 Managing strategic implementation Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn how to implement 8 hours Organisational structures to include: functional, product based, regional and matrix structure. Network analysis to include: • understanding and interpreting network diagrams • amendment of network diagrams • identifying the critical path and total float. • Tutor2U – Presentation – Strategic planning • Tutor2U – Presentation – Corporate planning and strategy • Educational Portal video – The Strategic management process • Educational Portal video – Strategy and organisational structure • Educational Portal video – Setting business department goals • Educational Portal video – Types of contemporary organisational designs: matrix, teams and network designs • Educational Portal video – Organisational size impacts on structure and design of an organisation • Tutor2 U – Presentation – Critical path analysis • Tutor2U – Hand–out – Critical path • Bee business bee YouTube video CPA (11.43) • Teaching guide, making strategic change • Teaching Guide, Network Analysis strategy effectively To understand the value of leadership in strategic implementation To understand the value of communication in strategic implementation To understand the importance of organisational structure in strategic implementation To understand the value of network analysis in strategic implementation © 2021 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. Downloaded by: NewAcademicsSolutions | Distribution of this document is illegal 3.10.4 Problems with strategy and why strategies fail Learning objective Time taken Guidance Resources To learn about difficulties of strategic decision making and implementing strategy 7 hours The effect of the divorce between ownership and control to include corporate governance. • Educational Portal video –Types of planning: strategic, tactical, operational and contingency planning • Tutor2U – Presentation – Strategic planning • Tutor2U – Handout – Business ownership and control • Business Review magazine – Volume 20 – Number 3 ‘what now for Tesco’? • Business Review magazine – Volume 19 – Number 4 ‘Facebook’s growing pains’ • Business Review magazine – Volume 19 – Number 3 ‘Failure – Better than success?’ To learn about planned vs emergent strategy To understand reasons for strategic drift To learn about the possible effect of the divorce between ownership and control To evaluate strategic performance To understand the value of strategic planning To learn about the value of contingency planning