, Gender Physique Age
Hormone Imbalance – women on menstrual cycle Ectomorph- little muscle or fat, narrow hips and As we get older we get less flexible,
Heart and lungs – men’s are bigger than women’s shoulders, thin legs and arms, narrow chest – weaker, O2 capacity reduces, heart is
Body shape,size and physique – Men are bigger suitable for marathon running not weight lifting. less efficient, skill level can improve
than women Endomorph – High body fat, pear shaped, lot of and longer recover time from exercise
Muscles mass and flexibility – Men have more fat on arms and legs. Suitable for rugby or shot and injury.
muscle mass but are less flexible than women put not for long distance running.
Muscle strength and power- men are stronger Mesomorph - little body fat, muscular body, Culture
than women. strong arms and legs, wide shoulders narrow hips, Ideas, customs and social behaviour of
wedge shaped – suitable for swimming or people on society.
gymnastic. Likely to excel at all sports. Participation influences – school you go
to, facilities, money, religion, the
Disability country you live in and gender.
Physical – loss of functions or body part
Mental – lack of ability to function intellectually
and in changing situations Environment
Permanent – set for life Surrounding or condition where we live. Affected
Temporary – could get better or worse e.g. by weather (too hot or cold can be dangerous),
paralysed from a stroke. pollution (ill health), altitude (more 02 at high
altitude improves fitness), humidity (water in the
air) and terrain.
1. Which one of the following is not 6. Which one of the following
a disability category? activities would be least suitable
A. Physical for an 11 year old?
B. Mental 3. Which one of the 4. In which one of the following 5. Which one of the A. Cross country running
C. Social following does not does a female sports performer following activities would B. Swimming
D. Permanent usually decrease with tend to have an advantage over be most suitable for an C. Circuit training
age? male sports performers? ectomorph? D. Weight training
2. Explain how individual
differences can affect the A. Skill A. Flexibility A. Olympic weightlifting
amount of physical activity B. Flexibility B. Strength B. Shot put
a person may participate in. C. Strength C. Speed C. High jump 7 .What are the characteristics of an
(2 marks) D. Oxygen capacity D. Power D. Canoeing ectomorph body type? 3 marks]
,Risk The possibility of Challenge a test or your Potential Hazards –
suffering harm, loss or ability or resources in a Faulty equipment,
damage. demanding situation. damaged facilities,
water, too many
8. Which one of these will not improve an
people, clothing
and knowledge of individual’s health?[1 mark]
Risk Assessment: Before activity assess the rules. A. Good hygiene
level of risk and check there are no potential B. Balanced diet 9. When taking part in activity
dangers. C. Lack of sleep it is important that any
D. Regular medical check-ups potential hazards that can
Risk control – Safe equipment, follow rules, cause injury are identified.
safe numbers, appropriate clothing, officials, This is called:
no jewellery, correct age and gender, warm up 10. Which one of the following
A. Risk consideration
and cool down. is a positive long-term effect of
B. Risk assessment
a healthy active lifestyle?[1
C. Danger management
mark]
Influences on health D. Danger awareness
Good exercise habits A. Lower resting heart rate
Smoking, alcohol, drugs, poor
Walk places instead of driving or being B. Increased breathing rate
personal hygiene, diet, exercise,
driven. C. High blood pressure
sleep environment, psychological,
Get off the bus a stop early. D. Tiredness in the muscles
safety and sexual health.
Use a bicycle to get places.
Use the stairs. Benefits of exercise
Try to exercise for at least 30 minutes a Physical benefits
11. Regular exercise is important to help maintain a healthy
day. Contribute to good physical health. lifestyle. State two reasons why taking part in regular exercise can
Physical challenge. improve your health. (2 marks)
Lower resting heart rate
Increased fitness. 12. People are encouraged to live a healthy active lifestyle. Using
Definitions Improve performance. five examples, state how people could make their everyday
Healthy lifestyle A lifestyle that Improved body shape and toning. lifestyle more healthy and active. (5 marks)
contributes positively to physical, mental Reduced chance of illness.
and social wellbeing, and includes regular Helps you sleep.
exercise and physical activity.
Social benefits
Health A state of complete mental, Mix with new people.
physical and social wellbeing and not Meet friends. Competitive an Recreational any form of
merely the absence of disease and Develop teamwork/cooperation.
activity that involves play, amusement or
infirmity.
some form of contest, relaxation performed as
Mental benefits
rivalry or game. games, sports or hobbies.
Exercise A form of physical activity which Relieve stress.
maintains or improves health and/or Enjoyment of life.
Requires performers No special training is
physical fitness. Feel good. to be highly required.
committed as they Take part in the activity for
Fitness Ability to meet the demands of
need to train to some length of time and at a
the environment.
compete. convenient time.
, 13. To cause movement muscles and bones must work
together. Explain this process, using an example. (4 marks)
Name of muscle Function Example in sport
14. Adduction is one of the range of movements that occurs
Triceps Extend the arm at the elbow Press-up, throwing a javelin at joints in the body. Which of the following describes
Biceps Flex the arm at the elbow Pull-up, drawing a bow in archery adduction at the shoulder joint?
Move the arm in all directions at the
A. The movement of a limb away from the midline of the
Deltoids Bowling a cricket ball body
shoulder
B. The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body
Pectorals Adduct the arm at the shoulder Forehand drive in tennis
C. The movement of a limb in a complete circle
Hold the shoulders in place, move D. The movement of a limb which increases the angle of a
Trapezius Holding head up in rugby scrum
head back and sideways
joint
Gluteals Adduct and extend leg at the hips Pulling back leg before kicking a ball
15. There are a range of
Quadriceps Extend the leg at the knee Kicking a ball jumping upwards movements that occur at
Hamstrings Flex the leg at the knee Bending knee before kicking a ball different joints in the body.
Pointing the toes, help to flex the The elbow is a hinge joint.
Gastrocnemius Running What types of movement
knee
Adduct and extend the arm at the can occur here? 2 marks]
Latissimus dorsi Butterfly stroke in swimming
shoulder
Pulling the body down when
Abdominals Flex the trunk across the stomach
hurdling
Muscle Contractions Muscles and Movement:
Muscles contract when they Movement Description
Muscles only provide one type of movement as they can only
work. If a muscle contracts to pull and not push. All muscles work in pairs, with one muscle
create movement, it is called an Movement away from the mid-line pulling while the other relaxes, and then vice versa. These
Abduction
isotonic contraction. of the body are called an ‘Antagonistic Pair’.
An isotonic contraction can be
concentric, which is where the Movement towards the mid-line of
Adduction The Prime mover muscle contracts to start a movement. It is
muscle shortens as the fibres the body
also known as the ‘agonist’.
contract or eccentric, where the Extension Straightening limbs at a joint The Antagonist muscle relaxes to allow movement to take
fibres contract as the muscle place.
lengthens. Flexion Bending the limbs at a joint.
When a muscle contracts with Origin: the end of the muscle attached to the fixed bone.
no resulting movement, it is an A circular movement around a fixed Insertion: the end of the muscle attached to the bone that
Rotation
isometric contraction. point moves.
Hormone Imbalance – women on menstrual cycle Ectomorph- little muscle or fat, narrow hips and As we get older we get less flexible,
Heart and lungs – men’s are bigger than women’s shoulders, thin legs and arms, narrow chest – weaker, O2 capacity reduces, heart is
Body shape,size and physique – Men are bigger suitable for marathon running not weight lifting. less efficient, skill level can improve
than women Endomorph – High body fat, pear shaped, lot of and longer recover time from exercise
Muscles mass and flexibility – Men have more fat on arms and legs. Suitable for rugby or shot and injury.
muscle mass but are less flexible than women put not for long distance running.
Muscle strength and power- men are stronger Mesomorph - little body fat, muscular body, Culture
than women. strong arms and legs, wide shoulders narrow hips, Ideas, customs and social behaviour of
wedge shaped – suitable for swimming or people on society.
gymnastic. Likely to excel at all sports. Participation influences – school you go
to, facilities, money, religion, the
Disability country you live in and gender.
Physical – loss of functions or body part
Mental – lack of ability to function intellectually
and in changing situations Environment
Permanent – set for life Surrounding or condition where we live. Affected
Temporary – could get better or worse e.g. by weather (too hot or cold can be dangerous),
paralysed from a stroke. pollution (ill health), altitude (more 02 at high
altitude improves fitness), humidity (water in the
air) and terrain.
1. Which one of the following is not 6. Which one of the following
a disability category? activities would be least suitable
A. Physical for an 11 year old?
B. Mental 3. Which one of the 4. In which one of the following 5. Which one of the A. Cross country running
C. Social following does not does a female sports performer following activities would B. Swimming
D. Permanent usually decrease with tend to have an advantage over be most suitable for an C. Circuit training
age? male sports performers? ectomorph? D. Weight training
2. Explain how individual
differences can affect the A. Skill A. Flexibility A. Olympic weightlifting
amount of physical activity B. Flexibility B. Strength B. Shot put
a person may participate in. C. Strength C. Speed C. High jump 7 .What are the characteristics of an
(2 marks) D. Oxygen capacity D. Power D. Canoeing ectomorph body type? 3 marks]
,Risk The possibility of Challenge a test or your Potential Hazards –
suffering harm, loss or ability or resources in a Faulty equipment,
damage. demanding situation. damaged facilities,
water, too many
8. Which one of these will not improve an
people, clothing
and knowledge of individual’s health?[1 mark]
Risk Assessment: Before activity assess the rules. A. Good hygiene
level of risk and check there are no potential B. Balanced diet 9. When taking part in activity
dangers. C. Lack of sleep it is important that any
D. Regular medical check-ups potential hazards that can
Risk control – Safe equipment, follow rules, cause injury are identified.
safe numbers, appropriate clothing, officials, This is called:
no jewellery, correct age and gender, warm up 10. Which one of the following
A. Risk consideration
and cool down. is a positive long-term effect of
B. Risk assessment
a healthy active lifestyle?[1
C. Danger management
mark]
Influences on health D. Danger awareness
Good exercise habits A. Lower resting heart rate
Smoking, alcohol, drugs, poor
Walk places instead of driving or being B. Increased breathing rate
personal hygiene, diet, exercise,
driven. C. High blood pressure
sleep environment, psychological,
Get off the bus a stop early. D. Tiredness in the muscles
safety and sexual health.
Use a bicycle to get places.
Use the stairs. Benefits of exercise
Try to exercise for at least 30 minutes a Physical benefits
11. Regular exercise is important to help maintain a healthy
day. Contribute to good physical health. lifestyle. State two reasons why taking part in regular exercise can
Physical challenge. improve your health. (2 marks)
Lower resting heart rate
Increased fitness. 12. People are encouraged to live a healthy active lifestyle. Using
Definitions Improve performance. five examples, state how people could make their everyday
Healthy lifestyle A lifestyle that Improved body shape and toning. lifestyle more healthy and active. (5 marks)
contributes positively to physical, mental Reduced chance of illness.
and social wellbeing, and includes regular Helps you sleep.
exercise and physical activity.
Social benefits
Health A state of complete mental, Mix with new people.
physical and social wellbeing and not Meet friends. Competitive an Recreational any form of
merely the absence of disease and Develop teamwork/cooperation.
activity that involves play, amusement or
infirmity.
some form of contest, relaxation performed as
Mental benefits
rivalry or game. games, sports or hobbies.
Exercise A form of physical activity which Relieve stress.
maintains or improves health and/or Enjoyment of life.
Requires performers No special training is
physical fitness. Feel good. to be highly required.
committed as they Take part in the activity for
Fitness Ability to meet the demands of
need to train to some length of time and at a
the environment.
compete. convenient time.
, 13. To cause movement muscles and bones must work
together. Explain this process, using an example. (4 marks)
Name of muscle Function Example in sport
14. Adduction is one of the range of movements that occurs
Triceps Extend the arm at the elbow Press-up, throwing a javelin at joints in the body. Which of the following describes
Biceps Flex the arm at the elbow Pull-up, drawing a bow in archery adduction at the shoulder joint?
Move the arm in all directions at the
A. The movement of a limb away from the midline of the
Deltoids Bowling a cricket ball body
shoulder
B. The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body
Pectorals Adduct the arm at the shoulder Forehand drive in tennis
C. The movement of a limb in a complete circle
Hold the shoulders in place, move D. The movement of a limb which increases the angle of a
Trapezius Holding head up in rugby scrum
head back and sideways
joint
Gluteals Adduct and extend leg at the hips Pulling back leg before kicking a ball
15. There are a range of
Quadriceps Extend the leg at the knee Kicking a ball jumping upwards movements that occur at
Hamstrings Flex the leg at the knee Bending knee before kicking a ball different joints in the body.
Pointing the toes, help to flex the The elbow is a hinge joint.
Gastrocnemius Running What types of movement
knee
Adduct and extend the arm at the can occur here? 2 marks]
Latissimus dorsi Butterfly stroke in swimming
shoulder
Pulling the body down when
Abdominals Flex the trunk across the stomach
hurdling
Muscle Contractions Muscles and Movement:
Muscles contract when they Movement Description
Muscles only provide one type of movement as they can only
work. If a muscle contracts to pull and not push. All muscles work in pairs, with one muscle
create movement, it is called an Movement away from the mid-line pulling while the other relaxes, and then vice versa. These
Abduction
isotonic contraction. of the body are called an ‘Antagonistic Pair’.
An isotonic contraction can be
concentric, which is where the Movement towards the mid-line of
Adduction The Prime mover muscle contracts to start a movement. It is
muscle shortens as the fibres the body
also known as the ‘agonist’.
contract or eccentric, where the Extension Straightening limbs at a joint The Antagonist muscle relaxes to allow movement to take
fibres contract as the muscle place.
lengthens. Flexion Bending the limbs at a joint.
When a muscle contracts with Origin: the end of the muscle attached to the fixed bone.
no resulting movement, it is an A circular movement around a fixed Insertion: the end of the muscle attached to the bone that
Rotation
isometric contraction. point moves.
