HISTORY REVISION – CHINA 1911-1989
PRE 1911:
Fallen behind other countries in terms of technology, industry and armed forces
Opened up for trade e.g. foreigners ran port cities and didn’t obey Chinese law
Economic crisis an increasing population, and lack of industry led to a reliance
on foreign imports and corruption within the government
Weak leader under the Qing Dynasty
Majority of people were very poor peasants
THE BOXER REBELLION:
CAUSES:
Two very bad harvests
Flooding of the Yellow River
Widespread famine
Hatred of Empress cixi and foreigners
Empress cixi encouraging them to attack foreigners
Foreigners didn’t obey laws and took raw materials were hated by
Chinese
EVENTS:
Attacked Churches and killed Chinese Christians
Trapped 10,000 Europeans
CONSEQUENCES:
A six-nation army (foreign countries) invaded China, looted Beijing and
forced the Qing dynasty to pay a fine of £67m
Boxers were beheaded in the streets
Empress looked weak due to foreign interference
Cixi promises some changes but it’s too little too late
Pu Yi becomes the next emperor of China – only 2 years old
REVOLUTION 1911
CAUSES:
Because China was already weak!
The emperor (Pu yi) was very young and the Manchu dynasty was very
, unpopular and seen as a failure.
The army did not support the emperor.
The harvest failed and there was a famine.
Even the rich, who normally supported the emperor, were angry about
high taxes.
EVENTS:
General Yuan Shikai agreed to help Dr. Sun and the GMD to get rid of the
emperor, but only if he became President instead of Dr. Sun
Dr. Sun agreed to this because otherwise there might have been a
bloody civil war
Yuan Shikai had control of the army, so was more powerful
Dr. Sun thought that Yuan would keep his promise to obey the Three
Principles
CONSEQUENCES:
Yuan Sikai ignored the Three Principles and tried to make China into an
empire again, with himself as emperor (going against the principle of
democracy).
He gave in to the Japanese
He seemed to care more about the rich people in China than the
peasants (going against socialism).
He was not a strong enough leader to stop the warlords taking over
different parts of China.
THE COMMUNISTS AND NATIONALISTS
COMMUNISTS CCP NATIONALISTS
(GMD/KMT)
LEADERS Mao Zedong Sun Yat Sen
Succeeded by Chiang
Kai-Shek
AIMS/POLICIES Abolition of private Nationalism: regain
property pride and devotion to
Encourage workers their country and get
unions to improve rid of the foreigners
wages and working Democracy: have a
conditions government elected
Land reforms – giving by the people.
land to peasants
Socialism: lives of the
poor must be
improved, industry
PRE 1911:
Fallen behind other countries in terms of technology, industry and armed forces
Opened up for trade e.g. foreigners ran port cities and didn’t obey Chinese law
Economic crisis an increasing population, and lack of industry led to a reliance
on foreign imports and corruption within the government
Weak leader under the Qing Dynasty
Majority of people were very poor peasants
THE BOXER REBELLION:
CAUSES:
Two very bad harvests
Flooding of the Yellow River
Widespread famine
Hatred of Empress cixi and foreigners
Empress cixi encouraging them to attack foreigners
Foreigners didn’t obey laws and took raw materials were hated by
Chinese
EVENTS:
Attacked Churches and killed Chinese Christians
Trapped 10,000 Europeans
CONSEQUENCES:
A six-nation army (foreign countries) invaded China, looted Beijing and
forced the Qing dynasty to pay a fine of £67m
Boxers were beheaded in the streets
Empress looked weak due to foreign interference
Cixi promises some changes but it’s too little too late
Pu Yi becomes the next emperor of China – only 2 years old
REVOLUTION 1911
CAUSES:
Because China was already weak!
The emperor (Pu yi) was very young and the Manchu dynasty was very
, unpopular and seen as a failure.
The army did not support the emperor.
The harvest failed and there was a famine.
Even the rich, who normally supported the emperor, were angry about
high taxes.
EVENTS:
General Yuan Shikai agreed to help Dr. Sun and the GMD to get rid of the
emperor, but only if he became President instead of Dr. Sun
Dr. Sun agreed to this because otherwise there might have been a
bloody civil war
Yuan Shikai had control of the army, so was more powerful
Dr. Sun thought that Yuan would keep his promise to obey the Three
Principles
CONSEQUENCES:
Yuan Sikai ignored the Three Principles and tried to make China into an
empire again, with himself as emperor (going against the principle of
democracy).
He gave in to the Japanese
He seemed to care more about the rich people in China than the
peasants (going against socialism).
He was not a strong enough leader to stop the warlords taking over
different parts of China.
THE COMMUNISTS AND NATIONALISTS
COMMUNISTS CCP NATIONALISTS
(GMD/KMT)
LEADERS Mao Zedong Sun Yat Sen
Succeeded by Chiang
Kai-Shek
AIMS/POLICIES Abolition of private Nationalism: regain
property pride and devotion to
Encourage workers their country and get
unions to improve rid of the foreigners
wages and working Democracy: have a
conditions government elected
Land reforms – giving by the people.
land to peasants
Socialism: lives of the
poor must be
improved, industry
