I. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
- It is the scientific agricultural practice of breeding and o Evaluate the progeny obtained and identify superior males
raising livestock. and females among them for further mating.
- It deals with the care & breeding of livestock (buffaloes, In cattle, a superior female produces more milk per lactation.
cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats etc.) A superior male (bull) gives rise to superior progeny.
poultry farming and fisheries. Advantages of Inbreeding:
- More than 70% of the world livestock population is in o It increases homozygosity to evolve a pure line animal.
India & China. However, the contribution to the world o It exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by
farm produce is only 25% , i.e., the productivity per unit is selection.
STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION
very low. Hence new technologies have to be applied to o It helps in accumulation of superior genes and eliminat ion
achieve improvement in quality and productivity. of less desirable genes. This increases the productivity of
Management of Farms & Farm Animals inbred population.
Continued inbreeding, especially close inbreeding, may
1. Dairy Farm Management (Dairying)
reduce fertility and productivity. This is called inbreeding
- It is the management of animals for increasing yield and
depression. To solve this problem, selected animals should
quality of milk and its products.
be mated with unrelated superior animals of the same breed.
- Milk yield depends on the quality of breeds in the farm.
- It is important to select good breeds having high yielding
b. Out-breeding
It is the breeding of the unrelated animals. It includes out-
potential and resistance to diseases.
crossing, cross-breeding and inter-specific hybridization.
- Ways for the yieldpotential:
o Look after the cattle (housing well, give adequate water
i) Out-crossing:
- This is mating of animals within the same breed, but having
and maintain disease free).
no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to
o Feeding of cattle in a scientific manner – emphasis on
the quality and quantity of fodder. 4-6 generations.
o Stringent cleanliness and hygiene (of cattle & handlers)
- The offspring of such a mating is known asout-cross.
while milking, storage and transport of the milk. - It is the best method for animals having low productivity in
- Nowadays, these processes have mechanized. It reduces milk production, growth rate in beef cattle, etc.
chance of direct contact of the produce with the handler. - It helps to overcome inbreeding depression.
ii) Cross-breeding:
- To ensure these stringent measures there should be
- In this method, superior males of one breed are mated with
o Regular inspections to identify and rectify problems.
superior females of another breed.
o Regular visits by a veterinary doctor.
- The desirable qualities of 2 different breeds are combined.
2. Poultry FarmManagement - The progeny hybrid animals may be used for commercial
- Poultry is the domesticated birds used for food or eggs. production or may be subjected to inbreeding and selection
E.g. chicken, ducks, turkey and geese. to develop new stable superior breeds.
- Components of poultry farm management: - E.g. Hisardale (sheep) developed in Punjab by crossing
o Selection of disease free and suitable breeds. Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.
o Proper and safe farm conditions. iii) Interspecific hybridization:
o Proper feed and water. - It is the mating of male and female of two different species.
o Hygiene and health care. - In some cases, the progeny may combine desirable features
Animal Breeding of both the parents, and may be of considerable economic
value. E.g. Mule (male ass Xfemale horse).
- A breed is a group of animals related by descent and
similar general appearance, features, size etc. Controlled breeding experiments
- Breeding is the modification of genotype of an organism 1. Artificial insemination
to make that organism more useful to humans. - The semen collected from male parent is injected into the
- Animal breeding aims at increasing the yield of animals and reproductive tract of selected female by the breeder.
improving the desirable qualities of the produce. - Semen is used immediately or is frozen and used later.
- Breeding is 2 types: Inbreeding and out-breeding. Frozen semen can also be transported.
a. Inbreeding - Success rate of crossing mature male & female animals is
It is the mating of more closely related individuals within the low even though artificial insemination is carried out.
same breed for 4-6 generations. This strategy is as follows: 2. Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET)
o Identify and mate superior males and females of the same - It is a programme for herd improvement. It improves
breed. chances of successful production of hybrids.
- It is the scientific agricultural practice of breeding and o Evaluate the progeny obtained and identify superior males
raising livestock. and females among them for further mating.
- It deals with the care & breeding of livestock (buffaloes, In cattle, a superior female produces more milk per lactation.
cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats etc.) A superior male (bull) gives rise to superior progeny.
poultry farming and fisheries. Advantages of Inbreeding:
- More than 70% of the world livestock population is in o It increases homozygosity to evolve a pure line animal.
India & China. However, the contribution to the world o It exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by
farm produce is only 25% , i.e., the productivity per unit is selection.
STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION
very low. Hence new technologies have to be applied to o It helps in accumulation of superior genes and eliminat ion
achieve improvement in quality and productivity. of less desirable genes. This increases the productivity of
Management of Farms & Farm Animals inbred population.
Continued inbreeding, especially close inbreeding, may
1. Dairy Farm Management (Dairying)
reduce fertility and productivity. This is called inbreeding
- It is the management of animals for increasing yield and
depression. To solve this problem, selected animals should
quality of milk and its products.
be mated with unrelated superior animals of the same breed.
- Milk yield depends on the quality of breeds in the farm.
- It is important to select good breeds having high yielding
b. Out-breeding
It is the breeding of the unrelated animals. It includes out-
potential and resistance to diseases.
crossing, cross-breeding and inter-specific hybridization.
- Ways for the yieldpotential:
o Look after the cattle (housing well, give adequate water
i) Out-crossing:
- This is mating of animals within the same breed, but having
and maintain disease free).
no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to
o Feeding of cattle in a scientific manner – emphasis on
the quality and quantity of fodder. 4-6 generations.
o Stringent cleanliness and hygiene (of cattle & handlers)
- The offspring of such a mating is known asout-cross.
while milking, storage and transport of the milk. - It is the best method for animals having low productivity in
- Nowadays, these processes have mechanized. It reduces milk production, growth rate in beef cattle, etc.
chance of direct contact of the produce with the handler. - It helps to overcome inbreeding depression.
ii) Cross-breeding:
- To ensure these stringent measures there should be
- In this method, superior males of one breed are mated with
o Regular inspections to identify and rectify problems.
superior females of another breed.
o Regular visits by a veterinary doctor.
- The desirable qualities of 2 different breeds are combined.
2. Poultry FarmManagement - The progeny hybrid animals may be used for commercial
- Poultry is the domesticated birds used for food or eggs. production or may be subjected to inbreeding and selection
E.g. chicken, ducks, turkey and geese. to develop new stable superior breeds.
- Components of poultry farm management: - E.g. Hisardale (sheep) developed in Punjab by crossing
o Selection of disease free and suitable breeds. Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.
o Proper and safe farm conditions. iii) Interspecific hybridization:
o Proper feed and water. - It is the mating of male and female of two different species.
o Hygiene and health care. - In some cases, the progeny may combine desirable features
Animal Breeding of both the parents, and may be of considerable economic
value. E.g. Mule (male ass Xfemale horse).
- A breed is a group of animals related by descent and
similar general appearance, features, size etc. Controlled breeding experiments
- Breeding is the modification of genotype of an organism 1. Artificial insemination
to make that organism more useful to humans. - The semen collected from male parent is injected into the
- Animal breeding aims at increasing the yield of animals and reproductive tract of selected female by the breeder.
improving the desirable qualities of the produce. - Semen is used immediately or is frozen and used later.
- Breeding is 2 types: Inbreeding and out-breeding. Frozen semen can also be transported.
a. Inbreeding - Success rate of crossing mature male & female animals is
It is the mating of more closely related individuals within the low even though artificial insemination is carried out.
same breed for 4-6 generations. This strategy is as follows: 2. Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET)
o Identify and mate superior males and females of the same - It is a programme for herd improvement. It improves
breed. chances of successful production of hybrids.
