BASIC GERIATRIC NURSING 7th EDITION BY WILLIAMS

Multiple Choice 1. Since 1995 there has been a significant decrease in the rate of infant deathrelated to which of the following: a. Disorders associated with short gestation and low birth weight b. Accidents c. Sudden infant death d. Newborns affected by complications of placenta, cord, and membranesANS: c Feedback a. The rates of prematurity and low birth weight are increasing. b. The rates of accidents have increased. c. Correct. The rate of infant death related to SIDS has decreased from 87.1 to 47.2. The decrease in rate is partially attributed to placing infants on theirbacks when sleeping. d. The rates of newborns affected by complications of placenta, cord, andmembranes have increased. 2. Tobacco use during pregnancy is associated with adverse effects on the unborn infant such as intrauterine growth restriction, preterm births, and respiratory problems. By race, which hasthe highest percentages ofsmokers? a. American Indian and Alaskan Natives b. Asian or Pacific Islanders c. Non-Hispanic blacks d. Non-Hispanic whites ANS: a Feedback a. 36% of American Indian and Native American women are cigarette smokers. b. 4.3% of Asian or Pacific Islander women are cigarette smokers. c. 17.1% of non-Hispanic black women are cigarette smokers. d. 19.6% of non-Hispanic white women are cigarette smokers. KEY: Integrated Process: Clinical Problem Solving | Cognitive Level: Knowledge |Content Area: Maternity | Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment | Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Which of the following women is at the highest risk for health disparity? a. A white, middle-class, 16-year-old woman b. An African American, middle-class, 25-year-old woman c. An African American, upper-middle-class, 19-year-old woman d. An Asian, low-income, 30-year-old womanANS: d Feedback a. Although age is a risk factor, income contributes to disparity. b. Although African American women are at increased risk, income accounts forthe largest disparity. c. Although age and race contribute to increased risk, income accounts for thelargest disparity. d. Although age and race contribute to increased risk, income accounts for thelargest disparity. 4. A neonate born at 36 weeks gestation is classified as which of the following? a. Very premature b. Moderately premature c. Late premature d. Term ANS: c Feedback a. Very premature is less than 32 weeks’ gestation. b. Moderately premature is 32 to 33 completed weeks’ gestation. c. Correct. Late premature is 34 to 36 completed weeks’ gestation. d. Term is 37 to 42 weeks’ gestation. 5. The perinatal nurse explains to the student nurse that a goal of the HealthyPeople 2020 report is to: a. Increase proportion of infants who are breastfed to 93.1%. b. Increase proportion of infants who are breastfed to 90.7%. c. Increase proportion of infants who are breastfed to 85.6%. d. Increase proportion of infants who are breastfed to 83.9%.ANS: d A goal of Healthy People 2020 is to increase the proportion of infants who are breastfed from 74% to 81.9%. 6. The perinatal nurse explains to the student nurse that is the leading cause of infant death in the United States. a. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome b. Respiratory distress of newborns c. Disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight d. Congenital malformations and chromosomal abnormalitiesANS: d 7. Which of the following statements are true related to teen pregnancies?(Select all that apply.) a. Teen mothers are at higher risk for HIV. b. Teen mothers are at higher risk for hypertensive problems. c. The birth rate forteenaged women hasincreased in the past 15 years. d. Infants born to teen mothers are at higher risk for health problems.ANS: a, b, d Health statistics report higher risk for HIV, for hypertensive problems, and for health problems to infants born to teen mothers. Birth rates for teen mothersin all age categories have decreased since 1991. Chapter 2- Theories of Aging 1. Which of the following statements most accurately conveys an aspect of the error theoryof aging? A) Perpetuation of DNA mutations results in organ and system malfunction. B) Age-related dysfunction of organs, tissues, and body systems results in mutation of body DNA. C) The number of cell divisions is genetically predetermined. D) Errors in the function of various organs contribute to changes in the genetic code of various body cells. Ans: A Feedback: The error theory of aging proposes that genetic mutations are perpetuated through the aging process, resulting in organ malfunction and eventual decline in body function. Organ malfunction results from, but does not cause, the genetic mutations in question. A genetic predetermination of the number of cell divisions is associated with the programmed theory of aging. Origin: Chapter 2- Theories of Aging, 2 Chapter: 2 Client Needs: D4 Cognitive Level: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Integrated Process: Nursing process Objective: 2 Page and Header: 15, Genetic Theories 1.The error theory of aging proposes a cause-and-effect relationship between the genetic activity of body cells and the effects of aging. Place the following steps in the error theory of aging in the correct chronological order. Use all the options. A) Organ, tissue, and system malfunction B) Perpetuation of mutation during cell divisions C) DNA mutation D) Overall decline in body functions E) Decline in body functions Ans: C, B, E, A, D Feedback: The error theory of aging proposes that DNA mutations occur on a single-cell level and are perpetuated in subsequent cell divisions. The overall number of mutant cells in the body increases and causes deleterious effects on tissues and systems and eventual decline in body function. Origin: Chapter 2- Theories of Aging, 3 Chapter: 2 Client Needs: D4 Cognitive Level: Comprehension Difficulty: Difficult Integrated Process: Teaching/learning Objective: 2 Page and Header: 14, Evolutionary Theories 2.A nurse is explaining to an older adult client that many of the changes in his body that are currently causing him frustration may have their origins in genetic changes that may have in fact benefited him during his younger years. Which of the following theories of aging underlies the nurse's explanation? A) Disposable soma theory B) Free radical theory C) Mutation accumulation theory D) Antagonistic pleiotropy theory Ans: D Feedback: Antagonistic pleiotropy theory proposes that genetic mutations that are problematic in later life may be rooted in mutation that played a beneficial role earlier in life. This perspective is not a component of the disposable soma theory, free radical theory, or mutation accumulation theory. Origin: Chapter 2- Theories of Aging, 4 Chapter: 2 Client Needs: D4 Cognitive Level: Comprehension Difficulty: Moderate Integrated Process: Nursing process Objective: 2 Page and Header: 14, Free Radicals and Lipofuscin Theories 3.An 80-year-old female who enjoys good health explains to her primary care provider that she attributes her health status to her regular intake of berries, fruit juices, and green tea, which she states “help cleanse the damaging molecules out of my body.” Which of the following theories of aging underlies the client's health behaviors? A) Free radical theory B) Biogerontology C) Disposable soma theory D) Cross-linking theory Ans: A Feedback: The free radical theory of aging attributes damage to the accumulation of free radicals that may be countered by the intake of antioxidants. This is not an explicit component of the disposable soma or cross-linking theory of aging. Biogerontology is the study of the relationship between aging and disease. Origin: Chapter 2- Theories of Aging, 5 Chapter: 2 Client Needs: D4 Cognitive Level: Application Difficulty: Moderate Integrated Process: Teaching/learning Objective: 2 Page and Header: 15, Autoimmune Reactions 5.A nurse is discussing an older adult client's apparent increased susceptibility to infection with his family. Which of the following statements by the nurse would be most congruent with current thought around the autoimmune role in the aging process? A) “Changes that we call 'mutations' in your father's cells make his organs more vulnerable to chronic illness and germs.” B) “Older adults often have more difficulty fighting off infections because of their weaker immune systems, and their bodies can even attack themselves.” C) “Diseases such as arthritis, which we term 'autoimmune,' make older people more likely to catch viruses and other bugs.” D) “Our bodies seem to have an 'expiry date,' after which we are far more likely to get infections and develop chronic illness.” Ans: B Feedback: Decreased immune response coupled with increased autoimmune activity is implicated in many of the effects of the aging process. The salience of mutations is associated with genetic theories of aging and autoimmune activity is not considered the direct cause of the decline in thymus and bone marrow activity. A predetermined cell life span is associated with the programmed theory of aging. Origin: Chapter 2- Theories of Aging, 6 Chapter: 2 Client Needs: C Cognitive Level: Application Difficulty: Moderate Integrated Process: Teaching/learning Objective: 3 Page and Header: 16, Disengagement Theory 6.A hospital clinical educator is espousing the disengagement theory of aging when teaching staff how best to meet the needs of older clients. Which of the nurse's teaching points best captures the disengagement theory of aging? A) “Older adults often benefit from a gradual and controlled withdrawal of their own interests from society's interests.” B) “The disengagement between an older adult's abilities and desires can lead to frustration and, ultimately, to illness.” C) “The lack of synchronicity between older adults' immune systems and their environments can be the root of many problems.” D) “It is imperative that we ensure older adults remain engaged with interests and events beyond themselves.” Ans: A Feedback: Disengagement theory postulates that disengagement between the individual and society is beneficial to both parties. It does not propose that this process of withdrawal be prevented nor that it necessarily leads to frustration or illness. The immune system is not a central component of the theory. Origin: Chapter 2- Theories of Aging, 7 Chapter: 2 Client Needs: C Cognitive Level: Application Difficulty: Moderate Integrated Process: Teaching/learning Objective: 3 Page and Header: 17, Activity Theory 7.Which of the following directives by the head nurse at a long-term care facility is most reflective of the activity theory of aging? A) “We need to facilitate older adults' desire to step back from the responsibilities and roles they had in earlier years.” B) “It's hard to overestimate the importance of regular, physical exercise in maintaining health and healthy aging.” C) “We need to remember that the psychological roles and characters of our residents change profoundly in later years of life.” D) “We have to treat our residents like younger people and keep them engaged in meaningful acts.” Ans: D Feedback: The activity theory asserts that an older person should continue a middle-aged lifestyle, denying the existence of old age as long as possible, and that society should apply the same norms to old age as it does to middle age and not advocate diminishing activity, interest, and involvement as its members grow old. Stepping back from roles is associated with disengagement theory, and psychological roles and character are not thought to change radically in later life. Physical exercise is not a central component of activity theory. Origin: Chapter 2- Theories of Aging, 8 Chapter: 2