Page 1 of 16 11/6/2026, 2:14:38 AM Page 1
Introductory
Statistics |
Research Methods,
Probability,
Distributions, and
Data Analysis
Study Guide
Introductory Statistics _ Research
Introductory
Methods,
Statistics
Probability,
_ Research
Distributions,
Methods,and
Probability,
Data Analysis
Distributions,
Study Guide.pdf
and Data Analysis Study Guide 1 of 16
,Page 2 of 16 11/6/2026, 2:14:38 AM Page 2
What are the 3 research question types?
Descriptive = what is happening; relational = are variables related; causal = does one thing
affect another.
What are a hypothesis, null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, and directional hypothesis?
Hypothesis = possible explanation/prediction. Null (H0) = no relationship/effect. Alternative
(H1) = a relationship/effect exists. Directional = predicts which way the relationship goes.
What are reliability and validity?
Reliability = consistency; validity = measuring what you intend to measure.
Introductory Statistics_ Research Methods, Probability, Distributions,
Introductory
andStatistics_
Data Analysis.pdf
Research Methods, Probability, Distributions, and Data Analysis 2 of 16
, Page 3 of 16 11/6/2026, 2:14:38 AM Page 3
What is a peer-reviewed empirical study? What is a meta-analysis?
Peer-reviewed = experts review the work. Empirical = based on observed/measured data.
Meta-analysis = combines results from multiple studies.
What are categorical, discrete, continuous variables, and a constant?
Categorical = groups/labels; discrete = countable values (often whole numbers); continuous
= any value in a range (like time/height); constant = does not vary.
What does NOIR stand for?
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio — levels of measurement, from categories to numeric
measurements.
Introductory Statistics_ Research Methods, Probability, Distributions,
Introductory
andStatistics_
Data Analysis.pdf
Research Methods, Probability, Distributions, and Data Analysis 3 of 16
Introductory
Statistics |
Research Methods,
Probability,
Distributions, and
Data Analysis
Study Guide
Introductory Statistics _ Research
Introductory
Methods,
Statistics
Probability,
_ Research
Distributions,
Methods,and
Probability,
Data Analysis
Distributions,
Study Guide.pdf
and Data Analysis Study Guide 1 of 16
,Page 2 of 16 11/6/2026, 2:14:38 AM Page 2
What are the 3 research question types?
Descriptive = what is happening; relational = are variables related; causal = does one thing
affect another.
What are a hypothesis, null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, and directional hypothesis?
Hypothesis = possible explanation/prediction. Null (H0) = no relationship/effect. Alternative
(H1) = a relationship/effect exists. Directional = predicts which way the relationship goes.
What are reliability and validity?
Reliability = consistency; validity = measuring what you intend to measure.
Introductory Statistics_ Research Methods, Probability, Distributions,
Introductory
andStatistics_
Data Analysis.pdf
Research Methods, Probability, Distributions, and Data Analysis 2 of 16
, Page 3 of 16 11/6/2026, 2:14:38 AM Page 3
What is a peer-reviewed empirical study? What is a meta-analysis?
Peer-reviewed = experts review the work. Empirical = based on observed/measured data.
Meta-analysis = combines results from multiple studies.
What are categorical, discrete, continuous variables, and a constant?
Categorical = groups/labels; discrete = countable values (often whole numbers); continuous
= any value in a range (like time/height); constant = does not vary.
What does NOIR stand for?
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio — levels of measurement, from categories to numeric
measurements.
Introductory Statistics_ Research Methods, Probability, Distributions,
Introductory
andStatistics_
Data Analysis.pdf
Research Methods, Probability, Distributions, and Data Analysis 3 of 16
