BACTERIAL
GENETICS
to BacterialGenetics
Intvoduction
random
mutation
hypothesis
randominmutationsoccur
bacterial in FrederickGritfith
principiegeneticsexperiment
transforming
(nonvirmient) roughstrain monse lives
heat-killedSmooth
StYaiM
-
(destroyed)
viruient) Smooth
Strain mouse
dies
heat-killed
smooth
strainvongh
5
L
strain
( DNA)tvansformino
principie
•
prokaryoticchromosome
(bacteria)
Sinqiecivcularchromosome
is theDNA
genophore a
of prokavyotebactevialchvomosome
chromosome intoannciedid
condensed
acontinuoms
bacterialchromosomeis circuiarchvomosome
no tetomeres
DNAStrand endpiecesof linear reprodnction
highly repeatedDNA avea of binarn fissibn
theprotectthechromosom
eends
of nncieny envelope
mitosis no
n.o
cytopiasm intevact with
transcviption andtransiationoceny
Simnitanconsly
haploid
operons-toexpress
oyganised
Lac operon
now
intoprokaryotic
gene totell
genomes
enerqy
are of
savinqgenetil contyolSystem
LACI IACP 1c0. 10CZ locY lACA
reamiator pyomoter OpeYAtoY
qenes
operon)- AYaI
Stvnct CIac
repressor
pyoances to operator
binds transtibe
protein Cabsence
of lactose)
MRNA
-
I0eto S e
,.... RNApolymerase binds to lautose and
leavesoperator
,
-
tvanscription resnits in mRNA lauoperon
functionof
beta aglmitosidase enzyme metabolized
Jactoseis
pvotein attachto
repyessoy theoperator
region
opevon
are
in Drvathat togetherintoasingiemRNA
tyanstvibed
CxtYaChromosomalpiasmidsenconded
onqvoup
Ae0Mnonessential
of genes
prokaryoticgenes
DNAandcan
fromchromosomai
seperntedrepricate independently
x9116( p
eukayyotic
nncieoidregion
condênsedvia
Chvomosome histones
plasmid membrane-bonndnucleus in
tvanscviption nnclens
tyansidtibn-cytoplasm
recombinant DNA Containmanyrepetitive DNA
batteriaIDNA ©olivia_liying
manipniateandisolate piasmidwill disqard soon
Hpresent
seoments
interest DNA 0f
, DNA
ProkaYNOiC
replicati0n of
OviGin Csites) oriC
repucationforks
. DNA synthesis Sitesof 2
bidirectionalveprication of DNA
termination
of replication
protein localisation
MyeB Actin
-
nof newiyreplicatedori
separatio
At Fts ztnbulin
mid-ceu
cytokinesis andContractceu
noalieles in bacteria
eachgeneis dominant
mntant have
genes theorganism
straightforwardeffecton
species wild type
-
describe
mutations
the common
most in
qene anaturai of
popmiation organisms
point mutation
seqnence
Silent: noeffect onprotein mutationfrequencies
missenseaminoauid snbstitnition : phenotype dependentoYe
nonsense: Start codonsubstituteastop codonAVG
frameshift mut ali0h
notdeletions
insertion of nucleotide
0Ydivisibieby 3
,
nVGA,UAG
VAAStop codo
frameshift in readina
ty ansition transversion
>
purine purine GR
pyrimidinepyrimidine CUT
purine pyrimidine mntalion Pomnt
base-pair changes
medicalcontributionof balterinl genetie
massprodnction byrecombinant
(protein,enzyme)
vaccinedevelopment
strains
base-pairing occur
dueto
mispaiving
occuv
mistakes duriny
veplication
Gu A repaiv
recombination
deamination
deamination
of cytosineleadsto
uracil
NU
G
oxidation
base
-paiywith adenine
often
(8-0x0G) GD
0 Abtvo CCEA
G G0
©olivia_liying
,structure
MRNA
and
centraldoqma
DN A
RNA
protein
ofbaitetial
decoding
OJ
e
ohvimosom
polymerase transcription
tvanscribing DNA
+ORNA
t
T
-
FrancisCrick
vesidne
by-residne
tyansferred
transfer
of
cannot
sequentiaintormation
back
be
coding Stvand 5'-GGTGATGCTGTTAGTATT- 3'
tempiate strand MCCACTACGAAATCATRA-5 3
polymerase RNA code
codon, foramino
nuid
(23 in human
body)
MRNA 5 GGVGAUGCUGUUAGUAUV-3
DNA
L U in MRNA,Tin
.....•
each
sectionof doubiestrandDNAhassix potential readinatrames
bacterialgenomes
organisationof compiete set of DNA
unitsthenncleotide of abacterial
seqmence is organised
genome intofunctionar
that organisedmtogenes
codefoy.proteins
RNA coding forargA-D.
strand
TYPA-D
for templateStrand aenes
of similarorrelatedfunution
V DRF clnsteredtogethey chyomosom on e
CiTAcitb AYQAArgB araC araD PrSBPYS
CPYSDPISA
transeription
pydmoter M RNA teminator
ribosomes of MRNA
transiatiOn by
4 aminoauids
*rpC+rpBtrPA
+YpD urB purA
I
1 tempiate argA-PS+rand
for
trpA-Dcodingstrand
genes for
DNA
synthesis
DNA
DNA
+polymeraseis generateaphosphodiesterlínkage
nsed
PNA
sunthesis OFRNA to initiate iS
primer needed
triphosphate
deoxynucleotide
semi-conservative
oNTPthePE&CnSOYS
synthesis
reptilation is
ave
forDNA
doubie
strandsof nuueotide duringDNA
separate replilation
6 to 3' direction
NO~0-0
reieased
diphosphate
dNTP energy
synthesis
©olivia_liying
, CONPARATIVE
GENMICS
bacteriamodelcharacteristicsof
E .coli
present in humongnt
known
genome sequence
is
E.colihasave
harmiess nutfriendly relatives
that
flowin bacteria
verticalandhorizontal
gene
Vertical
qenetranster
parentinherited from verticalgene
reprodnttion decursduring transfer
aene
transferhovizontal
existing organism acquived tromCo- horizontal qenetranster
wdobacteria'
hotransformation mixup' therrDNM
DN
Afvom
naked theenvivonment
take
wp
must
Staterecipient bouteria bein competence'
physiovogital
conjuaation chromosomal DN A
cen-to-cem
drrect contalt
directgeneticexchanne
bu
nsnally by aconjugatión plasmid:
mediated
plasmid F
fertility
pili Involvesformationof
piosmid DND
that iS transterved
transdnction pilus
---
phage mediated
genetransfer bacteriophage plasmid
> virnsesthatintectbacterial
transdncing pavticies
vepucate
Most GhYomoSomaIDNA
míx
of hostdi phageDNA
genetic elements(MGEs)mobile
aYdunawithin qenome
genetic material that move
bacterial
ty ansposons
can
betransferred n
transformation,tonjuqation bu+ransdnctfo
closely reinted
comparison bacteriumbetween genome bacterinm
ofone withanother
aenes
in certain mightdiseases
beimpucated
Invoived mevointibn
mechaniSms
BLAST
identifres andaligns homologonsseqnentes
gimilar
idcntical.gimilar sequen(e
inversion
genomel
Binst
ontpu
genome2
insertioh Oy deletibn
metagenomits
Stndy seamentes
of bacterial
popations tyom genetic
insertion eventsarethe resuit af @ene material fvomenvironmental
recombination ©olivia_liying
transferandsubsequent samples
between
different Stvains MicrobiomeHuman
Project
GENETICS
to BacterialGenetics
Intvoduction
random
mutation
hypothesis
randominmutationsoccur
bacterial in FrederickGritfith
principiegeneticsexperiment
transforming
(nonvirmient) roughstrain monse lives
heat-killedSmooth
StYaiM
-
(destroyed)
viruient) Smooth
Strain mouse
dies
heat-killed
smooth
strainvongh
5
L
strain
( DNA)tvansformino
principie
•
prokaryoticchromosome
(bacteria)
Sinqiecivcularchromosome
is theDNA
genophore a
of prokavyotebactevialchvomosome
chromosome intoannciedid
condensed
acontinuoms
bacterialchromosomeis circuiarchvomosome
no tetomeres
DNAStrand endpiecesof linear reprodnction
highly repeatedDNA avea of binarn fissibn
theprotectthechromosom
eends
of nncieny envelope
mitosis no
n.o
cytopiasm intevact with
transcviption andtransiationoceny
Simnitanconsly
haploid
operons-toexpress
oyganised
Lac operon
now
intoprokaryotic
gene totell
genomes
enerqy
are of
savinqgenetil contyolSystem
LACI IACP 1c0. 10CZ locY lACA
reamiator pyomoter OpeYAtoY
qenes
operon)- AYaI
Stvnct CIac
repressor
pyoances to operator
binds transtibe
protein Cabsence
of lactose)
MRNA
-
I0eto S e
,.... RNApolymerase binds to lautose and
leavesoperator
,
-
tvanscription resnits in mRNA lauoperon
functionof
beta aglmitosidase enzyme metabolized
Jactoseis
pvotein attachto
repyessoy theoperator
region
opevon
are
in Drvathat togetherintoasingiemRNA
tyanstvibed
CxtYaChromosomalpiasmidsenconded
onqvoup
Ae0Mnonessential
of genes
prokaryoticgenes
DNAandcan
fromchromosomai
seperntedrepricate independently
x9116( p
eukayyotic
nncieoidregion
condênsedvia
Chvomosome histones
plasmid membrane-bonndnucleus in
tvanscviption nnclens
tyansidtibn-cytoplasm
recombinant DNA Containmanyrepetitive DNA
batteriaIDNA ©olivia_liying
manipniateandisolate piasmidwill disqard soon
Hpresent
seoments
interest DNA 0f
, DNA
ProkaYNOiC
replicati0n of
OviGin Csites) oriC
repucationforks
. DNA synthesis Sitesof 2
bidirectionalveprication of DNA
termination
of replication
protein localisation
MyeB Actin
-
nof newiyreplicatedori
separatio
At Fts ztnbulin
mid-ceu
cytokinesis andContractceu
noalieles in bacteria
eachgeneis dominant
mntant have
genes theorganism
straightforwardeffecton
species wild type
-
describe
mutations
the common
most in
qene anaturai of
popmiation organisms
point mutation
seqnence
Silent: noeffect onprotein mutationfrequencies
missenseaminoauid snbstitnition : phenotype dependentoYe
nonsense: Start codonsubstituteastop codonAVG
frameshift mut ali0h
notdeletions
insertion of nucleotide
0Ydivisibieby 3
,
nVGA,UAG
VAAStop codo
frameshift in readina
ty ansition transversion
>
purine purine GR
pyrimidinepyrimidine CUT
purine pyrimidine mntalion Pomnt
base-pair changes
medicalcontributionof balterinl genetie
massprodnction byrecombinant
(protein,enzyme)
vaccinedevelopment
strains
base-pairing occur
dueto
mispaiving
occuv
mistakes duriny
veplication
Gu A repaiv
recombination
deamination
deamination
of cytosineleadsto
uracil
NU
G
oxidation
base
-paiywith adenine
often
(8-0x0G) GD
0 Abtvo CCEA
G G0
©olivia_liying
,structure
MRNA
and
centraldoqma
DN A
RNA
protein
ofbaitetial
decoding
OJ
e
ohvimosom
polymerase transcription
tvanscribing DNA
+ORNA
t
T
-
FrancisCrick
vesidne
by-residne
tyansferred
transfer
of
cannot
sequentiaintormation
back
be
coding Stvand 5'-GGTGATGCTGTTAGTATT- 3'
tempiate strand MCCACTACGAAATCATRA-5 3
polymerase RNA code
codon, foramino
nuid
(23 in human
body)
MRNA 5 GGVGAUGCUGUUAGUAUV-3
DNA
L U in MRNA,Tin
.....•
each
sectionof doubiestrandDNAhassix potential readinatrames
bacterialgenomes
organisationof compiete set of DNA
unitsthenncleotide of abacterial
seqmence is organised
genome intofunctionar
that organisedmtogenes
codefoy.proteins
RNA coding forargA-D.
strand
TYPA-D
for templateStrand aenes
of similarorrelatedfunution
V DRF clnsteredtogethey chyomosom on e
CiTAcitb AYQAArgB araC araD PrSBPYS
CPYSDPISA
transeription
pydmoter M RNA teminator
ribosomes of MRNA
transiatiOn by
4 aminoauids
*rpC+rpBtrPA
+YpD urB purA
I
1 tempiate argA-PS+rand
for
trpA-Dcodingstrand
genes for
DNA
synthesis
DNA
DNA
+polymeraseis generateaphosphodiesterlínkage
nsed
PNA
sunthesis OFRNA to initiate iS
primer needed
triphosphate
deoxynucleotide
semi-conservative
oNTPthePE&CnSOYS
synthesis
reptilation is
ave
forDNA
doubie
strandsof nuueotide duringDNA
separate replilation
6 to 3' direction
NO~0-0
reieased
diphosphate
dNTP energy
synthesis
©olivia_liying
, CONPARATIVE
GENMICS
bacteriamodelcharacteristicsof
E .coli
present in humongnt
known
genome sequence
is
E.colihasave
harmiess nutfriendly relatives
that
flowin bacteria
verticalandhorizontal
gene
Vertical
qenetranster
parentinherited from verticalgene
reprodnttion decursduring transfer
aene
transferhovizontal
existing organism acquived tromCo- horizontal qenetranster
wdobacteria'
hotransformation mixup' therrDNM
DN
Afvom
naked theenvivonment
take
wp
must
Staterecipient bouteria bein competence'
physiovogital
conjuaation chromosomal DN A
cen-to-cem
drrect contalt
directgeneticexchanne
bu
nsnally by aconjugatión plasmid:
mediated
plasmid F
fertility
pili Involvesformationof
piosmid DND
that iS transterved
transdnction pilus
---
phage mediated
genetransfer bacteriophage plasmid
> virnsesthatintectbacterial
transdncing pavticies
vepucate
Most GhYomoSomaIDNA
míx
of hostdi phageDNA
genetic elements(MGEs)mobile
aYdunawithin qenome
genetic material that move
bacterial
ty ansposons
can
betransferred n
transformation,tonjuqation bu+ransdnctfo
closely reinted
comparison bacteriumbetween genome bacterinm
ofone withanother
aenes
in certain mightdiseases
beimpucated
Invoived mevointibn
mechaniSms
BLAST
identifres andaligns homologonsseqnentes
gimilar
idcntical.gimilar sequen(e
inversion
genomel
Binst
ontpu
genome2
insertioh Oy deletibn
metagenomits
Stndy seamentes
of bacterial
popations tyom genetic
insertion eventsarethe resuit af @ene material fvomenvironmental
recombination ©olivia_liying
transferandsubsequent samples
between
different Stvains MicrobiomeHuman
Project
