Lecture Notes No. 2
Pharmacognosy
Part 2
Biochemistry
, BIOCHEMISTRY/MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Parts of a Cell basic functional and structural unit of life
1. CELL MEMBRANE CELL WALL
1. Phospholipds
2. Glycoproteins and Glycolipids Plants Cellulose
3. Cholesterol Bacteria Peptidoglycan
Fungi Chitin
4. Arachidonic Acid
2. ORGANELLES
1. Mitochondrion - powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP (energy)
2. Ribosomes - protein synthesis
Prokaryote: 30s, 50s = 70s
Eukaryote: 40s, 60s = 80s
3. Lysosomes - suicide bag of the cell
- has enzymes and free radicals (when released, will cause APOPTOSIS)
Red blood cells – 120 days
*Hemolytic anemia – <120
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
o Smooth ER - lipid synthesis
o Rough ER - protein synthesis
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome
5. Golgi Apparatus - packaging and storage of substances in the cell
- Caused by phenytoin
3. NUCLEUS – control center of the cell
1. Chromosomes - tightly coiled DNA strands (46 chromosomes)
2. Nucleolus - site of ribosome assembly
3. Nuclear Membrane
, CARBOHYDRATES
o Polyhydroxyaldehydes and polyhydroxyketones
o Aldehyde or ketone alcohols that contain C, H, O
o The H and O has the same ratio as that of water, thus they are named as carbohydrates
o First products of photosynthesis
MONOSACCHARIDES Sucrose is a
Sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed further nonreducing sugar
Glucose and Fructose
Characterized by the number of C atoms in the molecules
are invert sugars.
Hexoses – most important Enzyme: invertase
1. Glucose
Aldohexose
Dextrose, Blood sugar, Grape sugar, Physiologic sugar
Tests for Hexoses
2. Fructose
Ketohexose 1. Glucose Moore’s
Reducing sugar 2. Fructose Seliwanoff’s
3. Galactose Mucic Acid
Fruit sugar; sweet fruits and honey
4. Mannose Osazone Test
aka Levulose, the sweetest monosaccharide
3. Galactose – readily absorbed in the intestines; biosynthesized in mammary glands
4. Mannose
Pentoses Epimers
1. Arabinose - found in Gum Arabic/Acacia (isomers that differ in only 1 C)
2. Ribose - found in RNA
3. Deoxyribose - found in DNA Epimers of Glucose:
C2 – mannose
C4 – galactose
DISACCHARIDES
1. Sucrose - Glu + Fru
2. Maltose - Glu + Glu (α-1,4)
3. Cellybiose - Glu + Glu (β-1,4)
4. Lactose - Glu + Gal
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
1. Dextrin - product of starch degradation
POLYSACCHARIDES/GLYCANS
Homopolysaccharides Heteropolysaccharides
Starch α-1,4 / α-1,6 Hyaluronic acid
Glycogen α-1,4 and α-1,6 Dermatan (skin)
Cellulose β-1,4 Keratan (nails)
Chitin NAG Agarose (seeweeds)
Peptidoglycan (bacterial cell wall)
Schweitzer’s Reagent: only reagent that can dissolve cellulose
Pharmacognosy
Part 2
Biochemistry
, BIOCHEMISTRY/MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Parts of a Cell basic functional and structural unit of life
1. CELL MEMBRANE CELL WALL
1. Phospholipds
2. Glycoproteins and Glycolipids Plants Cellulose
3. Cholesterol Bacteria Peptidoglycan
Fungi Chitin
4. Arachidonic Acid
2. ORGANELLES
1. Mitochondrion - powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP (energy)
2. Ribosomes - protein synthesis
Prokaryote: 30s, 50s = 70s
Eukaryote: 40s, 60s = 80s
3. Lysosomes - suicide bag of the cell
- has enzymes and free radicals (when released, will cause APOPTOSIS)
Red blood cells – 120 days
*Hemolytic anemia – <120
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
o Smooth ER - lipid synthesis
o Rough ER - protein synthesis
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome
5. Golgi Apparatus - packaging and storage of substances in the cell
- Caused by phenytoin
3. NUCLEUS – control center of the cell
1. Chromosomes - tightly coiled DNA strands (46 chromosomes)
2. Nucleolus - site of ribosome assembly
3. Nuclear Membrane
, CARBOHYDRATES
o Polyhydroxyaldehydes and polyhydroxyketones
o Aldehyde or ketone alcohols that contain C, H, O
o The H and O has the same ratio as that of water, thus they are named as carbohydrates
o First products of photosynthesis
MONOSACCHARIDES Sucrose is a
Sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed further nonreducing sugar
Glucose and Fructose
Characterized by the number of C atoms in the molecules
are invert sugars.
Hexoses – most important Enzyme: invertase
1. Glucose
Aldohexose
Dextrose, Blood sugar, Grape sugar, Physiologic sugar
Tests for Hexoses
2. Fructose
Ketohexose 1. Glucose Moore’s
Reducing sugar 2. Fructose Seliwanoff’s
3. Galactose Mucic Acid
Fruit sugar; sweet fruits and honey
4. Mannose Osazone Test
aka Levulose, the sweetest monosaccharide
3. Galactose – readily absorbed in the intestines; biosynthesized in mammary glands
4. Mannose
Pentoses Epimers
1. Arabinose - found in Gum Arabic/Acacia (isomers that differ in only 1 C)
2. Ribose - found in RNA
3. Deoxyribose - found in DNA Epimers of Glucose:
C2 – mannose
C4 – galactose
DISACCHARIDES
1. Sucrose - Glu + Fru
2. Maltose - Glu + Glu (α-1,4)
3. Cellybiose - Glu + Glu (β-1,4)
4. Lactose - Glu + Gal
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
1. Dextrin - product of starch degradation
POLYSACCHARIDES/GLYCANS
Homopolysaccharides Heteropolysaccharides
Starch α-1,4 / α-1,6 Hyaluronic acid
Glycogen α-1,4 and α-1,6 Dermatan (skin)
Cellulose β-1,4 Keratan (nails)
Chitin NAG Agarose (seeweeds)
Peptidoglycan (bacterial cell wall)
Schweitzer’s Reagent: only reagent that can dissolve cellulose
