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- converted.pdf10/7/2026,
- converted.pdf10/7/2026,
- converted.pdf10/7/2026,
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6:45:09
6:45:09
AM#*(^&@$*@*()$*($)$()$*&^&$U*)((*$&*$(($*$($
AM#*(^&@$*@*()$*($)$()$*&^&$U*)((*$&*$(($*$($
AM#*(^&@$*@*()$*($)$()$*&^&$U*)((*$&*$(($*$($
Collection of chapter summaries from Ethics in Information Technology (Reynolds, G. 6th edition,
2019)
Chapter 1 summary: An Overiview of Ethics
What is ethics?
•Ethics(伦理) is a code of behavior that is defined by the group to which an individual belongs.
•Morals (道德)are the personal principles upon which an individual bases his or her decisions
about what is right and what is wrong. -
•A person who acts with integrity (诚信)acts in accordance with a personal code of principles. -
•Law (法律)is a system of rules that tells us what we can and cannot do. Laws are enforced by a set
of institutions (the police, courts, and law-making bodies). -
•A code of ethics states the principles and core values that are essential to one's work.
•Just because an activity is defined as legal does not mean that it is ethical.
What trends have increased the likelihood of an unethical behavior?
•Globalization(全球化)has created a much more complex work environment, making it more
difficult to apply principles and codes of ethics consistently. -
•Organizations(组织) may be tempted to resort to unethical behavior to maintain profits in today's
more challenging and uncertain economic climate.
•It is not unusual for powerful, highly successful individuals to fail to act in morally appropriate ways as
such people are often aggressive in striving for what they want and are used to having privileged access
to information, people, and other resources. Furthermore, their success often inflates their belief that
they have the ability and the right to manipulate the outcome of any situation.
What is corporate social responsibility, and why is fostering good business ethics important?
•Corporate social responsibility is the concept that an organization should act ethically by taking
responsibility for the impact of its actions on its shareholders, consumers, employees, community,
environment, and suppliers.
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- converted.pdf______________________%%$^$&^%@#$%d333-d333_removed
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, lOMoARcPSD|46240884
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- converted.pdf10/7/2026,
- converted.pdf10/7/2026,
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6:45:09
6:45:09
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AM#*(^&@$*@*()$*($)$()$*&^&$U*)((*$&*$(($*$($
AM#*(^&@$*@*()$*($)$()$*&^&$U*)((*$&*$(($*$($
•Supply chain sustainability is a component of CSR that focuses on developing and maintaining a supply
chain that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
•Each organization must decide if CSR is a priority, and if so, what its specific CSR goals are.
•Organizations have five good reasons for pursuing CSR goals and promoting a work environment in
which they encourage employees to act ethically: (1) to gain the goodwill of the community, (2) to
create an organization that operates consistently, (3) to foster good business practices, (4) to protect the
organization and its employees from legal action, and (5) to avoid unfavorable publicity.
What measures can organizations take to improve their business ethics?
•An organization can take several actions to improve its business ethics including: appointing a
corporate ethics officer, requiring its board of directors to set and model high ethical standards,
establish a corporate code of ethics, conduct social audits, require employees to take ethics training,
include ethical criteria in employee appraisals, and create an ethical work environment.
How can you include ethical considerations in your decision making?
•Often, people employ a simple decision-making model that includes these steps: (1) define the
problem, (2) identify alternatives, (3) choose an alternative, (4) implement the decision, and (5)
monitor the results.
•You can incorporate ethical considerations into decision making by identifying and involving the
stakeholders; weighing various laws, guidelines, and principles—including the organization's code of
ethics—that may apply; and considering the impact of the decision on you, your organization,
stakeholders, your customers and suppliers, and the environment.
What trends have increased the risk that information technology will be used in an
unethical manner?
•The growth of the Internet and social networks; the ability to capture, store, and analyze vast
amounts of personal data; and a greater reliance on information systems in all aspects of life have
increased the risk that information technology will be used unethically.
•In the midst of the many IT breakthroughs in recent years, the importance of ethics and human values
has been underemphasized—with a range of consequences.
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- converted.pdf______________________%%$^$&^%@#$%d333-d333_removed
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, lOMoARcPSD|46240884
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AM#*(^&@$*@*()$*($)$()$*&^&$U*)((*$&*$(($*$($
Chapter 2 Summary: Ethics for IT Workers and IT Users
What relationships must an IT worker manage, and what key ethical issues can arise in each?
•An IT worker must maintain good working relationships with employers, clients, suppliers, other
professionals, IT users, and society at large. Each relationship has its own set of ethical issues and
potential problems.
•In relationships between IT workers and employers, important issues include setting and enforcing
policies regarding the ethical use of IT, the potential for whistle-blowing, and the safeguarding of trade
secrets.
•In relationships between IT workers and clients, key issues revolve around defining, sharing, and
fulfilling each party's responsibilities for successfully completing an IT project. The IT worker must
remain objective and guard against any sort of conflict of interest, fraud, misrepresentation, or breach
of contract.
•A major goal for IT workers and suppliers is to develop good working relationships in which no
action can be perceived as unethical.
•Bribery(贿赂) is the act of providing money, property, or favors to someone in business or
government in order to obtain a business advantage.
•Internal control (内部控制)is the process established by an organization's board of directors,
managers, and IT group to provide reasonable assurance for the effectiveness and efficiency of
operations, the reliability of financial reporting, and compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
•Policies (政策)are the guidelines, standards, and laws by which the organization must abide.
Policies drive processes and procedures. Processes are a collection of tasks designed to accomplish a
stated objective. A procedure defines the exact instructions for completing each task in a process.
•A fundamental concept of good internal control is the careful separation of duties associated with
any process that involves the handling of financial transactions so that different aspects of the process
are handled by different people.
•The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)(防海外腐败法) makes it a crime to bribe a foreign official, a
foreign political party official, or a candidate for foreign political office. The act applies to any U.S.
citizen or company and to any company with shares listed on any U.S. stock exchange.
•In relationships between IT workers and other professionals, the priority is to improve the profession
through activities such as mentoring inexperienced colleagues, demonstrating professional loyalty, and
avoiding résumé inflation and the inappropriate sharing of corporate information.
•In relationships between IT professionals and IT users, important issues include software piracy,
inappropriate use of IT resources, and inappropriate sharing of information.
•When it comes to the relationship between IT workers and society at large, the main challenge for IT
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- converted.pdf______________________%%$^$&^%@#$%d333-d333_removed
- -converted.pdf10/7/2026,
converted.pdf10/7/2026,6:45:09
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, lOMoARcPSD|46240884
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6:45:09
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AM#*(^&@$*@*()$*($)$()$*&^&$U*)((*$&*$(($*$($
workers is to practice the profession in ways that cause no harm to society and provide significant
benefits.
What can be done to encourage the professionalism of IT workers?
•A professional is one who possess the skill, good judgment, and work habits expected from a
person who has the training and experience to do a job well.
•A professional is expected to contribute to society, to participate in a lifelong training program,
to keep abreast of developments in the field, and to help develop other professionals.
•IT workers of all types can improve their profession's reputation for professionalism by (1)
subscribing to a professional code of ethics, (2) joining and participating in professional
organizations, (3) obtaining appropriate certifications, and (4) supporting government licensing
where available.
•A professional code of ethics states the principles and core values that are essential to the work
of a particular occupational group.
•Codes of ethics usually have two main parts—the first outlines what the organization aspires to
become and the second typically lists rules and principles that members are expected to live by. The
codes also typically include a commitment to continuing education for those who practice the
profession.
•Adherence to a code of ethics can produce many benefits for the individual, the profession, and
society as a whole, including ethical decision making, high standards of practice and ethical behavior,
trust and respect with the general public, and access
to an evaluation benchmark that can be used for self assessment.
•Several IT-related professional organizations have developed a code of ethics, including ACM, IEEE-CS,
AITP, and SANS.
•Many people believe that the licensing and certification of IT workers would increase the reliability
and effectiveness of information systems.
•Certification indicates that a professional possesses a particular set of skills, knowledge, or abilities,
in the opinion of the certifying organization. Numerous companies and professional organization offer
certification.
•Most states support the licensing of software engineers, and the state licensing boards have
ultimate responsibility over specific requirements for licensing in their jurisdiction.
What ethical issues do IT users face, and what can be done to encourage their ethical behavior?
•IT users face several common ethical issues, including software piracy, inappropriate use of computing
resources, and inappropriate sharing of information.
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converted.pdf10/7/2026,6:45:09
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AM#*(^&@$*@*()$*($)$()$*&^&$U*)((*$&*$(($*$($
AM#*(^&@$*@*()$*($)$()$*&^&$U*)((*$&*$(($*$($
Collection of chapter summaries from Ethics in Information Technology (Reynolds, G. 6th edition,
2019)
Chapter 1 summary: An Overiview of Ethics
What is ethics?
•Ethics(伦理) is a code of behavior that is defined by the group to which an individual belongs.
•Morals (道德)are the personal principles upon which an individual bases his or her decisions
about what is right and what is wrong. -
•A person who acts with integrity (诚信)acts in accordance with a personal code of principles. -
•Law (法律)is a system of rules that tells us what we can and cannot do. Laws are enforced by a set
of institutions (the police, courts, and law-making bodies). -
•A code of ethics states the principles and core values that are essential to one's work.
•Just because an activity is defined as legal does not mean that it is ethical.
What trends have increased the likelihood of an unethical behavior?
•Globalization(全球化)has created a much more complex work environment, making it more
difficult to apply principles and codes of ethics consistently. -
•Organizations(组织) may be tempted to resort to unethical behavior to maintain profits in today's
more challenging and uncertain economic climate.
•It is not unusual for powerful, highly successful individuals to fail to act in morally appropriate ways as
such people are often aggressive in striving for what they want and are used to having privileged access
to information, people, and other resources. Furthermore, their success often inflates their belief that
they have the ability and the right to manipulate the outcome of any situation.
What is corporate social responsibility, and why is fostering good business ethics important?
•Corporate social responsibility is the concept that an organization should act ethically by taking
responsibility for the impact of its actions on its shareholders, consumers, employees, community,
environment, and suppliers.
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d333-d333_removed
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- converted.pdf______________________%%$^$&^%@#$%d333-d333_removed
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converted.pdf10/7/2026,6:45:09
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, lOMoARcPSD|46240884
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AM#*(^&@$*@*()$*($)$()$*&^&$U*)((*$&*$(($*$($
AM#*(^&@$*@*()$*($)$()$*&^&$U*)((*$&*$(($*$($
•Supply chain sustainability is a component of CSR that focuses on developing and maintaining a supply
chain that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
•Each organization must decide if CSR is a priority, and if so, what its specific CSR goals are.
•Organizations have five good reasons for pursuing CSR goals and promoting a work environment in
which they encourage employees to act ethically: (1) to gain the goodwill of the community, (2) to
create an organization that operates consistently, (3) to foster good business practices, (4) to protect the
organization and its employees from legal action, and (5) to avoid unfavorable publicity.
What measures can organizations take to improve their business ethics?
•An organization can take several actions to improve its business ethics including: appointing a
corporate ethics officer, requiring its board of directors to set and model high ethical standards,
establish a corporate code of ethics, conduct social audits, require employees to take ethics training,
include ethical criteria in employee appraisals, and create an ethical work environment.
How can you include ethical considerations in your decision making?
•Often, people employ a simple decision-making model that includes these steps: (1) define the
problem, (2) identify alternatives, (3) choose an alternative, (4) implement the decision, and (5)
monitor the results.
•You can incorporate ethical considerations into decision making by identifying and involving the
stakeholders; weighing various laws, guidelines, and principles—including the organization's code of
ethics—that may apply; and considering the impact of the decision on you, your organization,
stakeholders, your customers and suppliers, and the environment.
What trends have increased the risk that information technology will be used in an
unethical manner?
•The growth of the Internet and social networks; the ability to capture, store, and analyze vast
amounts of personal data; and a greater reliance on information systems in all aspects of life have
increased the risk that information technology will be used unethically.
•In the midst of the many IT breakthroughs in recent years, the importance of ethics and human values
has been underemphasized—with a range of consequences.
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*()$*($)$()$*&^&$U*)((*$&*$(($*$($___%%$^$&^%@#$%d333-d333_removed
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- converted.pdf______________________%%$^$&^%@#$%d333-d333_removed
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AM#*(^&@$*@*()$*($)$()$*&^&$U*)((*$&*$(($*$($
Chapter 2 Summary: Ethics for IT Workers and IT Users
What relationships must an IT worker manage, and what key ethical issues can arise in each?
•An IT worker must maintain good working relationships with employers, clients, suppliers, other
professionals, IT users, and society at large. Each relationship has its own set of ethical issues and
potential problems.
•In relationships between IT workers and employers, important issues include setting and enforcing
policies regarding the ethical use of IT, the potential for whistle-blowing, and the safeguarding of trade
secrets.
•In relationships between IT workers and clients, key issues revolve around defining, sharing, and
fulfilling each party's responsibilities for successfully completing an IT project. The IT worker must
remain objective and guard against any sort of conflict of interest, fraud, misrepresentation, or breach
of contract.
•A major goal for IT workers and suppliers is to develop good working relationships in which no
action can be perceived as unethical.
•Bribery(贿赂) is the act of providing money, property, or favors to someone in business or
government in order to obtain a business advantage.
•Internal control (内部控制)is the process established by an organization's board of directors,
managers, and IT group to provide reasonable assurance for the effectiveness and efficiency of
operations, the reliability of financial reporting, and compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
•Policies (政策)are the guidelines, standards, and laws by which the organization must abide.
Policies drive processes and procedures. Processes are a collection of tasks designed to accomplish a
stated objective. A procedure defines the exact instructions for completing each task in a process.
•A fundamental concept of good internal control is the careful separation of duties associated with
any process that involves the handling of financial transactions so that different aspects of the process
are handled by different people.
•The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)(防海外腐败法) makes it a crime to bribe a foreign official, a
foreign political party official, or a candidate for foreign political office. The act applies to any U.S.
citizen or company and to any company with shares listed on any U.S. stock exchange.
•In relationships between IT workers and other professionals, the priority is to improve the profession
through activities such as mentoring inexperienced colleagues, demonstrating professional loyalty, and
avoiding résumé inflation and the inappropriate sharing of corporate information.
•In relationships between IT professionals and IT users, important issues include software piracy,
inappropriate use of IT resources, and inappropriate sharing of information.
•When it comes to the relationship between IT workers and society at large, the main challenge for IT
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workers is to practice the profession in ways that cause no harm to society and provide significant
benefits.
What can be done to encourage the professionalism of IT workers?
•A professional is one who possess the skill, good judgment, and work habits expected from a
person who has the training and experience to do a job well.
•A professional is expected to contribute to society, to participate in a lifelong training program,
to keep abreast of developments in the field, and to help develop other professionals.
•IT workers of all types can improve their profession's reputation for professionalism by (1)
subscribing to a professional code of ethics, (2) joining and participating in professional
organizations, (3) obtaining appropriate certifications, and (4) supporting government licensing
where available.
•A professional code of ethics states the principles and core values that are essential to the work
of a particular occupational group.
•Codes of ethics usually have two main parts—the first outlines what the organization aspires to
become and the second typically lists rules and principles that members are expected to live by. The
codes also typically include a commitment to continuing education for those who practice the
profession.
•Adherence to a code of ethics can produce many benefits for the individual, the profession, and
society as a whole, including ethical decision making, high standards of practice and ethical behavior,
trust and respect with the general public, and access
to an evaluation benchmark that can be used for self assessment.
•Several IT-related professional organizations have developed a code of ethics, including ACM, IEEE-CS,
AITP, and SANS.
•Many people believe that the licensing and certification of IT workers would increase the reliability
and effectiveness of information systems.
•Certification indicates that a professional possesses a particular set of skills, knowledge, or abilities,
in the opinion of the certifying organization. Numerous companies and professional organization offer
certification.
•Most states support the licensing of software engineers, and the state licensing boards have
ultimate responsibility over specific requirements for licensing in their jurisdiction.
What ethical issues do IT users face, and what can be done to encourage their ethical behavior?
•IT users face several common ethical issues, including software piracy, inappropriate use of computing
resources, and inappropriate sharing of information.
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- -converted.pdf10/7/2026,
converted.pdf10/7/2026,6:45:09
6:45:09AM#*(^&@$*@*()$*($)$()$*&^&$U*)((*$&*$(($*$($
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converted.pdf10/7/2026, 6:45:09 AM#*(^&@$*@*()$*($)$()
