TESTBANK
A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 11TH EDITION
Patrick J. Hurley
Chapter 1 Test A 1
,MULTIPLE CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: TheTfollowing selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonargum
ents a nd identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today ar
e workin g more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty
years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man perfo
rming an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 mi
nutes and growing.
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxin
g less. ANS: D PTS: 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replace
s other m etals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that reg
ulate blood pressure (which can cause development delays in children and high blood press
ure in adults), heme productio n (which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead a
lso displaces calcium in the reactions tha t transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which
diminishes the ability to think and recall informatio n.
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry"
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall inform
ation. ANS: C PTS: 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to
choose th e proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and
that extremes of emo tion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men o
f practical wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have t
he capacity to follow the "right rule" whate ver the situation.
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal
income ta x and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increas
ing the amount thes e merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, whi
ch increases the earnings of their employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay.
Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal im migrants contribute nothing to the communities
in which they live.
2
, a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, a
re over- arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-
American women are seven times more likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of
other eth nic groups. Black women have received significantly longer sentences for crimes
against property an d served longer periods in prison. For both murder and drug offenses,
Euroamerican women ended u p serving one-
third less time for the same offenses than black women.
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S."
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women.
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in
prison. ANS: B PTS: 2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There ar
e criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect un
protected PCs. Once a vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that a
ssists them in committing ident ity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online a
dvertisers by using these zombie compute rs to visit pay-per-click ads.
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a fi
rewall. ANS: E PTS: 2
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be ma
de through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosph
ere reflect the state of interplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of c
omparison for planetologists.
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space.
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists.
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the atmosp
here. ANS: C PTS: 2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff, c
ommunitie s abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of
traditional medicines c an be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching
will be halted, habitat and life sus taining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinctio
n of tigers in the wild will be averted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned.
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted.
3
, d. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Thea ’ makersa ’ ofa ’ traditionala ’ medicinesa ’ ...a ’ nota ’ needed.
e. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Tigera ’ poachinga ’ willa ’ bea ’ halteda ’ ...a ’ will
a’ bea ’ aa’verted.a ’ ANS:a ’ A PTS: 2
9. Humansa ’ area ’ biologicala ’ organisms.a ’ Toa ’ understanda ’ oura ’ behaviora ’ anda ’ mentala ’ process
es,a ’ wea ’ neea’da ’ toa ’ una ’ derstanda ’ theira ’ biologicala ’ underpinnings,a ’ startinga ’ witha ’ thea ’ cellul
ara ’ level,a ’ thea ’ neuron.a’Howa ’ wea ’ feel,a ’ leaa ’ rn,a ’ remember,a ’ anda ’ thinka ’ alla ’ stema ’ froma
’ neuronala ’ activity.a ’ So,a ’ howa ’ aa’ neuroa’na ’ works a ’ anda ’ howa ’ neuronsa ’ ca ’ ommunicatea ’ ar
ea ’ cruciala ’ piecesa ’ ofa ’ informationa ’ ina ’ solvinga ’ thea ’ pa’uzzlea ’ ofa ’ humana ’ behaviora’anda ’ m
entala ’ pra ’ ocessing.
Richarda ’ Griggs,a ’ Psychology:a ’ Aa ’ Concisea ’ Introduction
a. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Toa ’ understanda ’ oura ’ behaviora ’ ...a ’ thea ’ neuron.
b. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Humansa ’ area ’ biologicala ’ organisms.
c. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Howa ’ wea ’ feela ’ ...a ’ neuronala ’ activity.
d. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Howa ’ aa ’ neurona ’ worksa ’ ...a ’ mentala ’ processing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:a ’ a ’ D PTS:a ’ a ’ 2
10. Virusesa ’ area ’ acellulara ’ entitiesa ’ tooa ’ smalla ’ toa ’ bea ’ seena ’ witha ’ aa ’ lighta ’ microscope.a ’ Th
eya ’ area ’ compoa’seda’ofa ’ aa ’ na ’ ucleica ’ acida ’ anda ’ aa ’ fewa ’ proteins.a ’ Virusesa ’ replicatea ’ themselv
esa ’ anda ’ displaya ’ othera ’ pra’opertiesa ’ ofa ’ livinga ’ orga ’ anismsa ’ onlya ’ whena ’ theya ’ havea ’ invad
eda ’ livinga ’ cells.a ’ Indeed,a ’ somea ’ virusea’sa ’ cana ’ bea ’ crystallizeda ’ anda ’ storeda ’ ina ’ aa ’ container
a ’ ona ’ aa ’ shelfa ’ fora ’ years,a ’ buta ’ theya ’ retaina ’ thea ’ capa ’ acitya ’ toa ’ invadea ’ cellsa ’ anda’causea ’ disea
se.
Jacquelyna ’ C.a ’ Black,a ’ Microbiology:a ’ Principlesa ’ anda ’ Explorations
a. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Theya ’ area ’ composeda ’ ofa ’ aa ’ nucleica ’ acida ’ anda ’ aa ’ fewa ’ proteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Virusesa ’ area ’ acellulara ’ entitiesa ’ ...a ’ microscope.
d. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Indeed,a ’ somea ’ virusesa ’ cana ’ bea ’ crystallizeda ’ ...a ’ causea ’ disease.
e. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Virusesa ’ replicatea ’ themselvesa ’ ...a ’ invadeda ’ l
ivinga’cells.a ’ ANS:a ’ B PTS: 2
11. Harnessinga ’ thea ’ clean,a ’ abundanta ’ energya ’ ofa ’ thea ’ suna ’ anda ’ winda ’ isa ’ criticala ’ toa ’ solvinga ’ th
ea ’ globala’warminga ’ problem.a ’ Technologicala ’ advancesa ’ havea ’ broughta ’ thea ’ costa ’ ofa ’ ele
ctricitya ’ generateda ’ b
ya ’ thea ’ winda ’ downa ’ ba ’ ya ’ 82a ’ percenta ’ sincea ’ 1981.a ’ Solara ’ energya ’ technologya ’ hasa ’
madea ’ remarkabla’ea ’ progressa ’ asa ’ newa ’ photovoltaia ’ a ’ ca ’ cellsa ’ havea ’ beena ’ developeda ’ toa
’ converta ’ evena ’ greatera ’ amounta’sa ’ ofa ’ sunlighta ’ directlya ’ intoa ’ electricity.a ’ Toda ’ aya ’ thea
’ costsa ’ ofa ’ winda ’ anda ’ solara ’ powera ’ area ’ becoma’inga ’ competitivea ’ witha’dirtya ’ coal-
fireda ’ plants.
Sierraa ’ Club,a ’ "Globala ’ Warminga ’ Solutions"
a. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Todaya ’ thea ’ costsa ’ ofa ’ winda ’ ...a ’ dirtya ’ coal-fireda ’ plants.
b. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Technologicala ’ advancesa ’ ...a ’ bya ’ 82a ’ percenta ’ sincea ’ 1981.
c. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Harnessinga ’ thea ’ cleana ’ ...a ’ thea ’ globala ’ warminga ’ problem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Solara ’ energya ’ technologya ’ ...a ’ directlya ’ intoa
’ electra’icity.a ’ ANS:a ’ D PTS: 2
12. Ita ’ isa ’ likelya ’ thata ’ innocenta ’ prisonersa ’ ina’thisa ’ countrya ’ havea ’ beena ’ executeda ’ fora ’ crimes
a ’ theya ’ dida ’ noa’ta ’ commit.a ’ Froma ’ 1973a ’ untila ’ 2007,a ’ 124a ’ deatha ’ rowa ’ inmatesa ’ havea ’
beena ’ exonerated.a ’ Ina ’ manya ’ ofa’thesea ’ casesa ’ DNAa ’ evia ’ dencea ’ playeda ’ aa ’ cruciala ’ role
.a ’ Yet,a ’ ina ’ thata ’ samea ’ timea ’ frame,a ’ morea ’ thana’1000a ’ prisonersa ’ werea ’ executed.a ’ Fa ’ o
ra ’ manya ’ ofa ’ thesea ’ prisonersa ’ noa ’ DNAa ’ evidencea ’ wasa ’ available
.a ’ Ifa ’ sucha ’ evidencea ’ hada ’ beena ’ available,a ’ howa ’ maya ’ morea ’ woulda ’ havea ’ beena ’ exonerated?
4
A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 11TH EDITION
Patrick J. Hurley
Chapter 1 Test A 1
,MULTIPLE CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: TheTfollowing selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonargum
ents a nd identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today ar
e workin g more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty
years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man perfo
rming an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 mi
nutes and growing.
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxin
g less. ANS: D PTS: 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replace
s other m etals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that reg
ulate blood pressure (which can cause development delays in children and high blood press
ure in adults), heme productio n (which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead a
lso displaces calcium in the reactions tha t transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which
diminishes the ability to think and recall informatio n.
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry"
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall inform
ation. ANS: C PTS: 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to
choose th e proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and
that extremes of emo tion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men o
f practical wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have t
he capacity to follow the "right rule" whate ver the situation.
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal
income ta x and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increas
ing the amount thes e merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, whi
ch increases the earnings of their employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay.
Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal im migrants contribute nothing to the communities
in which they live.
2
, a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, a
re over- arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-
American women are seven times more likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of
other eth nic groups. Black women have received significantly longer sentences for crimes
against property an d served longer periods in prison. For both murder and drug offenses,
Euroamerican women ended u p serving one-
third less time for the same offenses than black women.
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S."
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women.
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in
prison. ANS: B PTS: 2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There ar
e criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect un
protected PCs. Once a vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that a
ssists them in committing ident ity theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online a
dvertisers by using these zombie compute rs to visit pay-per-click ads.
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a fi
rewall. ANS: E PTS: 2
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be ma
de through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosph
ere reflect the state of interplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of c
omparison for planetologists.
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space.
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists.
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the atmosp
here. ANS: C PTS: 2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff, c
ommunitie s abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of
traditional medicines c an be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching
will be halted, habitat and life sus taining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinctio
n of tigers in the wild will be averted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned.
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted.
3
, d. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Thea ’ makersa ’ ofa ’ traditionala ’ medicinesa ’ ...a ’ nota ’ needed.
e. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Tigera ’ poachinga ’ willa ’ bea ’ halteda ’ ...a ’ will
a’ bea ’ aa’verted.a ’ ANS:a ’ A PTS: 2
9. Humansa ’ area ’ biologicala ’ organisms.a ’ Toa ’ understanda ’ oura ’ behaviora ’ anda ’ mentala ’ process
es,a ’ wea ’ neea’da ’ toa ’ una ’ derstanda ’ theira ’ biologicala ’ underpinnings,a ’ startinga ’ witha ’ thea ’ cellul
ara ’ level,a ’ thea ’ neuron.a’Howa ’ wea ’ feel,a ’ leaa ’ rn,a ’ remember,a ’ anda ’ thinka ’ alla ’ stema ’ froma
’ neuronala ’ activity.a ’ So,a ’ howa ’ aa’ neuroa’na ’ works a ’ anda ’ howa ’ neuronsa ’ ca ’ ommunicatea ’ ar
ea ’ cruciala ’ piecesa ’ ofa ’ informationa ’ ina ’ solvinga ’ thea ’ pa’uzzlea ’ ofa ’ humana ’ behaviora’anda ’ m
entala ’ pra ’ ocessing.
Richarda ’ Griggs,a ’ Psychology:a ’ Aa ’ Concisea ’ Introduction
a. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Toa ’ understanda ’ oura ’ behaviora ’ ...a ’ thea ’ neuron.
b. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Humansa ’ area ’ biologicala ’ organisms.
c. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Howa ’ wea ’ feela ’ ...a ’ neuronala ’ activity.
d. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Howa ’ aa ’ neurona ’ worksa ’ ...a ’ mentala ’ processing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:a ’ a ’ D PTS:a ’ a ’ 2
10. Virusesa ’ area ’ acellulara ’ entitiesa ’ tooa ’ smalla ’ toa ’ bea ’ seena ’ witha ’ aa ’ lighta ’ microscope.a ’ Th
eya ’ area ’ compoa’seda’ofa ’ aa ’ na ’ ucleica ’ acida ’ anda ’ aa ’ fewa ’ proteins.a ’ Virusesa ’ replicatea ’ themselv
esa ’ anda ’ displaya ’ othera ’ pra’opertiesa ’ ofa ’ livinga ’ orga ’ anismsa ’ onlya ’ whena ’ theya ’ havea ’ invad
eda ’ livinga ’ cells.a ’ Indeed,a ’ somea ’ virusea’sa ’ cana ’ bea ’ crystallizeda ’ anda ’ storeda ’ ina ’ aa ’ container
a ’ ona ’ aa ’ shelfa ’ fora ’ years,a ’ buta ’ theya ’ retaina ’ thea ’ capa ’ acitya ’ toa ’ invadea ’ cellsa ’ anda’causea ’ disea
se.
Jacquelyna ’ C.a ’ Black,a ’ Microbiology:a ’ Principlesa ’ anda ’ Explorations
a. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Theya ’ area ’ composeda ’ ofa ’ aa ’ nucleica ’ acida ’ anda ’ aa ’ fewa ’ proteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Virusesa ’ area ’ acellulara ’ entitiesa ’ ...a ’ microscope.
d. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Indeed,a ’ somea ’ virusesa ’ cana ’ bea ’ crystallizeda ’ ...a ’ causea ’ disease.
e. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Virusesa ’ replicatea ’ themselvesa ’ ...a ’ invadeda ’ l
ivinga’cells.a ’ ANS:a ’ B PTS: 2
11. Harnessinga ’ thea ’ clean,a ’ abundanta ’ energya ’ ofa ’ thea ’ suna ’ anda ’ winda ’ isa ’ criticala ’ toa ’ solvinga ’ th
ea ’ globala’warminga ’ problem.a ’ Technologicala ’ advancesa ’ havea ’ broughta ’ thea ’ costa ’ ofa ’ ele
ctricitya ’ generateda ’ b
ya ’ thea ’ winda ’ downa ’ ba ’ ya ’ 82a ’ percenta ’ sincea ’ 1981.a ’ Solara ’ energya ’ technologya ’ hasa ’
madea ’ remarkabla’ea ’ progressa ’ asa ’ newa ’ photovoltaia ’ a ’ ca ’ cellsa ’ havea ’ beena ’ developeda ’ toa
’ converta ’ evena ’ greatera ’ amounta’sa ’ ofa ’ sunlighta ’ directlya ’ intoa ’ electricity.a ’ Toda ’ aya ’ thea
’ costsa ’ ofa ’ winda ’ anda ’ solara ’ powera ’ area ’ becoma’inga ’ competitivea ’ witha’dirtya ’ coal-
fireda ’ plants.
Sierraa ’ Club,a ’ "Globala ’ Warminga ’ Solutions"
a. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Todaya ’ thea ’ costsa ’ ofa ’ winda ’ ...a ’ dirtya ’ coal-fireda ’ plants.
b. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Technologicala ’ advancesa ’ ...a ’ bya ’ 82a ’ percenta ’ sincea ’ 1981.
c. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Harnessinga ’ thea ’ cleana ’ ...a ’ thea ’ globala ’ warminga ’ problem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;a ’ conclusion:a ’ Solara ’ energya ’ technologya ’ ...a ’ directlya ’ intoa
’ electra’icity.a ’ ANS:a ’ D PTS: 2
12. Ita ’ isa ’ likelya ’ thata ’ innocenta ’ prisonersa ’ ina’thisa ’ countrya ’ havea ’ beena ’ executeda ’ fora ’ crimes
a ’ theya ’ dida ’ noa’ta ’ commit.a ’ Froma ’ 1973a ’ untila ’ 2007,a ’ 124a ’ deatha ’ rowa ’ inmatesa ’ havea ’
beena ’ exonerated.a ’ Ina ’ manya ’ ofa’thesea ’ casesa ’ DNAa ’ evia ’ dencea ’ playeda ’ aa ’ cruciala ’ role
.a ’ Yet,a ’ ina ’ thata ’ samea ’ timea ’ frame,a ’ morea ’ thana’1000a ’ prisonersa ’ werea ’ executed.a ’ Fa ’ o
ra ’ manya ’ ofa ’ thesea ’ prisonersa ’ noa ’ DNAa ’ evidencea ’ wasa ’ available
.a ’ Ifa ’ sucha ’ evidencea ’ hada ’ beena ’ available,a ’ howa ’ maya ’ morea ’ woulda ’ havea ’ beena ’ exonerated?
4
