NUR 265 Exam 1 with question and answer 100 % correct
What is nephrotic syndrome? A condition of increased glomerular permeability that allows
larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the urine
and then be excreted.
What are key features of nephrotic -Massive proteinuria
syndrome? -Hypoalbuminemia
-Edema (facial and periorbital)
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss 3.5g in 24 hours
in the urine is greater than what?
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with? -immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney
function)
Describe the "risk" stage for AKI creatinine x 1.5 of normal, and GFR reduced by 25%
Describe the "injury" stage for AKI creatinine x2 & GFR reduced by 50%
Describe the "failure" stage for AKI creatinine x3 normal, & GFR reduced by 75% (Cant fix)
Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples. Decreased perfusion to kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac
output
-Blood/ fluid loss
Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples. Tissue damage to the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
, Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples. Obstruction that occurs after the kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
How do you determine the mean arterial Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
pressure (MAP)?
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the 65 mmHg
kidneys?
What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs? -NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
During the diuretic phase of AKI, what Watch for dehydration and make sure output is greater
needs to be monitored? than input
What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI -Low protein
patient? -Low sodium
-Fluid restriction: 1000-1500mL day (for anything except
perfusion problem)
What are the 2 most common causes of -HTN
CKD? -Uncontrolled diabetes
What is azotemia? Nitrogenous waste build up
What are manifestations of uremia? • Metallic taste in mouth
• Anorexia
• Nausea/vomiting
• Muscle cramps
• Uremic frost on skin
• Itching
• Fatigue and lethargy
• Hiccups
• Edema
• Dyspnea
• Paresthesia's
What effects can CKD have on the cardiac -HTN
system -Heart failure (major problem. Call the doctor)
-Pericarditis
What effects can CKD have on the -Uremic frost
Integumentary system
What is nephrotic syndrome? A condition of increased glomerular permeability that allows
larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the urine
and then be excreted.
What are key features of nephrotic -Massive proteinuria
syndrome? -Hypoalbuminemia
-Edema (facial and periorbital)
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss 3.5g in 24 hours
in the urine is greater than what?
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with? -immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney
function)
Describe the "risk" stage for AKI creatinine x 1.5 of normal, and GFR reduced by 25%
Describe the "injury" stage for AKI creatinine x2 & GFR reduced by 50%
Describe the "failure" stage for AKI creatinine x3 normal, & GFR reduced by 75% (Cant fix)
Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples. Decreased perfusion to kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac
output
-Blood/ fluid loss
Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples. Tissue damage to the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
, Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples. Obstruction that occurs after the kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
How do you determine the mean arterial Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
pressure (MAP)?
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the 65 mmHg
kidneys?
What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs? -NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
During the diuretic phase of AKI, what Watch for dehydration and make sure output is greater
needs to be monitored? than input
What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI -Low protein
patient? -Low sodium
-Fluid restriction: 1000-1500mL day (for anything except
perfusion problem)
What are the 2 most common causes of -HTN
CKD? -Uncontrolled diabetes
What is azotemia? Nitrogenous waste build up
What are manifestations of uremia? • Metallic taste in mouth
• Anorexia
• Nausea/vomiting
• Muscle cramps
• Uremic frost on skin
• Itching
• Fatigue and lethargy
• Hiccups
• Edema
• Dyspnea
• Paresthesia's
What effects can CKD have on the cardiac -HTN
system -Heart failure (major problem. Call the doctor)
-Pericarditis
What effects can CKD have on the -Uremic frost
Integumentary system
