Biology paper 1 content -
Mircosopy
2 types of microscopes called electron and light microscopes. Electron is the
stronger one that we can see microbes while a light has less magnification. And
electron is very strong and expensive can be found in high tech and science buildings,
light can be found in school and more frequently.
Magnification --- image size /object (cell) size
Cells and content
Eukaryotic cells - plant calls and animal cells
Prokaryotic cells – bacteria
Plant cell contains:
Ribosomes- where proteins are made and amino acids are formed.
Chloroplasts- contains chlorophyll this makes the plant green, photosynthesis.
Mitochondria- where energy is release for the cell to function.
Nucleus- where all the DNA is stored
Cell membrane- allows certain substances to pass through the wall.
Call wall- made of cellulose providing ridged structure for the cell.
Cytoplasm- this is the liquid that holds everything
Permenent vacuole- this is where sap is stored (carries water and nutreints for plant)
Animal cells contain all the above excluding chloroplasts, permenent vacuole and cell
wall. however bacteria cells only have ribosomes, DNA and cell wall.
mitosis
Diploid means a full amount needed whereas haploid is half the needed amount found
in sperm and eggs.
Dipolids are constantly being made for growth and repair and undergo the process of
mitosis.
1. genetic material is duplicated.
2. nuclear membrane dissolves
3. two sets of chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell
, 4. both sets of chromosomes are pulled apart to either sides of the cell
5. a new nucleus is made to take the new pairs of chromosomes
Cell differentiation and specialisation
Stem cells are cells that havent been specialised to a specific function these can turn
into anything found in embryos and plant meristems.stem calls can be found in the
adult human body in bone marrow but these can only turn into blood cells.
Embryo clones is when people take their stem cells and use it on other people, however
this is unethical and unjust, for people believe that stem cells could've have been
human life. cloning can also be used in farming to create specific plants or
characteristics.
Osmosis, diffusion and active transport
Osmosis - the process of water moving from low concentration to high concentration
Active transport – the movement of particles through a membrane via carrier proteins
Diffusion – gases moving from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Digestive system
Cell – tissue – organ – organ system
1. teeth break down foods mechanically, also using saliva which contains amylase.
2. stomach contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes that break down food chemically.
3. the liver produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder before entering the small
intestine, bile emulsifies lipids to form droplets increasing their surface area
neutralizing stomach acid.
4. pancreas secretes amylase which breaks down starch into glucose in the small
intestine.
5. water is absorbed into the blood stream through the large intestine.
6. villi and small intestine absorb nutrients like glucose into the blood stream. Villi have
large surface area to volume ratio increasing rate of absorption.
Enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts that break down larger molecules into smaller more
useful ones.
Carbohydrase - break down carbohydrates into simple sugars
Protease - break down proteins to form amino acids
Mircosopy
2 types of microscopes called electron and light microscopes. Electron is the
stronger one that we can see microbes while a light has less magnification. And
electron is very strong and expensive can be found in high tech and science buildings,
light can be found in school and more frequently.
Magnification --- image size /object (cell) size
Cells and content
Eukaryotic cells - plant calls and animal cells
Prokaryotic cells – bacteria
Plant cell contains:
Ribosomes- where proteins are made and amino acids are formed.
Chloroplasts- contains chlorophyll this makes the plant green, photosynthesis.
Mitochondria- where energy is release for the cell to function.
Nucleus- where all the DNA is stored
Cell membrane- allows certain substances to pass through the wall.
Call wall- made of cellulose providing ridged structure for the cell.
Cytoplasm- this is the liquid that holds everything
Permenent vacuole- this is where sap is stored (carries water and nutreints for plant)
Animal cells contain all the above excluding chloroplasts, permenent vacuole and cell
wall. however bacteria cells only have ribosomes, DNA and cell wall.
mitosis
Diploid means a full amount needed whereas haploid is half the needed amount found
in sperm and eggs.
Dipolids are constantly being made for growth and repair and undergo the process of
mitosis.
1. genetic material is duplicated.
2. nuclear membrane dissolves
3. two sets of chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell
, 4. both sets of chromosomes are pulled apart to either sides of the cell
5. a new nucleus is made to take the new pairs of chromosomes
Cell differentiation and specialisation
Stem cells are cells that havent been specialised to a specific function these can turn
into anything found in embryos and plant meristems.stem calls can be found in the
adult human body in bone marrow but these can only turn into blood cells.
Embryo clones is when people take their stem cells and use it on other people, however
this is unethical and unjust, for people believe that stem cells could've have been
human life. cloning can also be used in farming to create specific plants or
characteristics.
Osmosis, diffusion and active transport
Osmosis - the process of water moving from low concentration to high concentration
Active transport – the movement of particles through a membrane via carrier proteins
Diffusion – gases moving from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Digestive system
Cell – tissue – organ – organ system
1. teeth break down foods mechanically, also using saliva which contains amylase.
2. stomach contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes that break down food chemically.
3. the liver produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder before entering the small
intestine, bile emulsifies lipids to form droplets increasing their surface area
neutralizing stomach acid.
4. pancreas secretes amylase which breaks down starch into glucose in the small
intestine.
5. water is absorbed into the blood stream through the large intestine.
6. villi and small intestine absorb nutrients like glucose into the blood stream. Villi have
large surface area to volume ratio increasing rate of absorption.
Enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts that break down larger molecules into smaller more
useful ones.
Carbohydrase - break down carbohydrates into simple sugars
Protease - break down proteins to form amino acids
