NR667 - CEA Week 1-6 Comprehensive Review | Questions with 100% Verified Answers | Latest Update

NR667 - CEA Week 1-6 Comprehensive Review | Questions with 100% Verified
Answers | Latest Update

Question: Hypertension
Answer:
Hypertension is defined as BP ≥140/90 mmHg (per JNC8).

Question: Non-Black population treatment
Answer:
Start with thiazide diuretic, ACE inhibitor, ARB, or CCB.

Question: Black population treatment
Answer:
Start with thiazide diuretic or CCB.

Question: DM or CKD treatment
Answer:
Include ACE inhibitor or ARB for kidney protection.

Question: Age ≥60 years treatment
Answer:
Treat if BP ≥150/90 mmHg.

Question: Age <60 years treatment
Answer:
Treat if BP ≥140/90 mmHg.

Question: Contractility
Answer:
Force of cardiac muscle contraction.

Question: Preload
Answer:
Volume in ventricles at end-diastole (central venous volume).

,Question: Afterload
Answer:
Resistance heart must pump against (arterial pressure).

Question: Aortic Stenosis (AS)
Answer:
Calcification narrows aortic valve → outflow obstruction.

Question: Aortic Regurgitation (AR)
Answer:
Incompetent aortic valve due to root dilation or endocarditis.

Question: Mitral Stenosis (MS)
Answer:
Often post-rheumatic fever, calcification of mitral valve.

Question: Mitral Regurgitation (MR)
Answer:
Commonly due to MI, CHF-induced LV dilation, papillary rupture, or endocarditis.

Question: Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs)
Answer:
Do NOT require INR monitoring.

Question: Factor Xa inhibitors
Answer:
Rivaroxaban (Xarelto), Apixaban (Eliquis), Edoxaban (Savaysa).

Question: Direct thrombin inhibitor
Answer:
Dabigatran (Pradaxa).

Question: Warfarin (Coumadin)
Answer:
Onset: Delayed — requires bridging with LMWH or heparin.

,Question: Bridging with Warfarin
Answer:
Bridging is required until INR reaches ≥2.0 for at least 24 hours.

Question: Dopamine
Answer:
Dose-dependent: low = renal perfusion, high = pressor.

Question: Dobutamine
Answer:
Inotrope (↑ contractility).

Question: Norepinephrine (Levophed)
Answer:
Vasoconstrictor + mild inotrope.

Question: Epinephrine
Answer:
Mixed alpha & beta agonist.

Question: Nitroglycerin
Answer:
Venodilator; ↓ Preload; avoid if hypotensive.

Question: Nitroprusside
Answer:
Potent arterial/venous vasodilator; risk of cyanide toxicity with prolonged use.

Question: Statins
Answer:
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors used as first-line therapy for lipid management.

Question: High-intensity statins
Answer:
Atorvastatin 40-80 mg daily and Rosuvastatin 20-40 mg daily.

, Question: Indications for high-intensity statins
Answer:
Clinical ASCVD (e.g., MI, stroke), LDL ≥190 mg/dL, Diabetes age 40-75 with ≥7.5% 10-year
ASCVD risk.

Question: Ezetimibe
Answer:
A secondary therapy for mild LDL-lowering, often required before insurance approval of
PCSK9 inhibitors.

Question: PCSK9 inhibitors
Answer:
Injectable monoclonal antibodies reserved for very high-risk patients or statin-intolerant.

Question: ASCVD
Answer:
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease, includes MI, stroke, angina, revascularization, and
peripheral artery disease.

Question: 10-year risk categories
Answer:
Low risk: <5%, Moderate risk: 5%-7.4%, High risk:
≥7.5%, Very high risk: ≥20% or known ASCVD.

Question: Aortic Stenosis (AS)
Answer:
Caused by calcification of the valve leading to outflow obstruction, with a classic triad of
angina, syncope, dyspnea.

Question: Aortic Regurgitation (AR)
Answer:
Occurs when the valve fails to close, leading to wide pulse pressure and bounding pulses.

Question: Mitral Stenosis (MS)
Answer:
Often caused by post-rheumatic fever, symptoms include dyspnea, orthopnea, and atrial
fibrillation.