Test bank - Applied Pathophysiology for the Advanced
Practice Nurse 2nd Edition by Lucie Dlugasch; Lachel Story
Chapter 1-14 ISBN 9781284255614
,Applied Pathophysiology for the Advanced Practice Nurse — 2nd Edition
Lucie Dlugasch & Lachel Story
CHAPTER 1 — CELLULAR FUNCTION
1. Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for regulating movement of substances
into and out of the cell?
A. Nucleus
B. Plasma membrane
C. Ribosome
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: B. Plasma membrane
Rationale: The plasma membrane forms the boundary of the cell and selectively regulates
movement of ions, nutrients, waste products, and other substances. Its selective permeability is
essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis.
2. Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP through aerobic cellular
respiration?
A. Lysosome
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: C. Mitochondrion
Rationale: Mitochondria generate most cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Cells
with high energy requirements, such as cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, therefore contain
numerous mitochondria.
3. A patient develops cellular swelling after severe hypoxia. Which mechanism best explains
this finding?
A. Increased protein synthesis
B. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
,C. Increased DNA replication
D. Increased lysosomal activity
Correct Answer: B. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
Rationale: ATP depletion impairs the sodium-potassium pump. Sodium accumulates
intracellularly, causing water to enter the cell osmotically and producing cellular swelling.
4. Which process moves molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration without requiring ATP?
A. Active transport
B. Endocytosis
C. Diffusion
D. Exocytosis
Correct Answer: C. Diffusion
Rationale: Diffusion is passive movement down a concentration gradient and does not directly
require cellular energy.
5. Osmosis refers specifically to the movement of:
A. Proteins across membranes
B. Water across a selectively permeable membrane
C. ATP into mitochondria
D. Sodium against its gradient
Correct Answer: B. Water across a selectively permeable membrane
Rationale: Osmosis is passive movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
toward the compartment with greater effective solute concentration.
6. Which cellular structure contains most of the cell's genetic material?
A. Nucleus
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Cytoplasm
D. Lysosome
Correct Answer: A. Nucleus
, Rationale: The nucleus contains chromosomes composed primarily of DNA. DNA stores the
genetic instructions required for cellular function and reproduction.
7. Which molecule carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein
synthesis?
A. Transfer RNA
B. Messenger RNA
C. ATP
D. Lipid
Correct Answer: B. Messenger RNA
Rationale: Messenger RNA carries the genetic code transcribed from DNA to ribosomes, where
the sequence is translated into a protein.
8. A mutation that changes one nucleotide in DNA is best described as a:
A. Point mutation
B. Chromosomal deletion
C. Translocation
D. Polyploidy
Correct Answer: A. Point mutation
Rationale: A point mutation involves alteration of a single nucleotide or base pair. Its clinical
effect depends on where it occurs and how it changes gene expression or protein structure.
9. Which process produces two genetically similar daughter cells?
A. Meiosis
B. Mitosis
C. Fertilization
D. Mutation
Correct Answer: B. Mitosis
Rationale: Mitosis produces daughter cells with the same chromosome number as the parent
cell and is essential for growth, tissue repair, and replacement of damaged cells.
10. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size?
Practice Nurse 2nd Edition by Lucie Dlugasch; Lachel Story
Chapter 1-14 ISBN 9781284255614
,Applied Pathophysiology for the Advanced Practice Nurse — 2nd Edition
Lucie Dlugasch & Lachel Story
CHAPTER 1 — CELLULAR FUNCTION
1. Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for regulating movement of substances
into and out of the cell?
A. Nucleus
B. Plasma membrane
C. Ribosome
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: B. Plasma membrane
Rationale: The plasma membrane forms the boundary of the cell and selectively regulates
movement of ions, nutrients, waste products, and other substances. Its selective permeability is
essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis.
2. Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP through aerobic cellular
respiration?
A. Lysosome
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: C. Mitochondrion
Rationale: Mitochondria generate most cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Cells
with high energy requirements, such as cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, therefore contain
numerous mitochondria.
3. A patient develops cellular swelling after severe hypoxia. Which mechanism best explains
this finding?
A. Increased protein synthesis
B. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
,C. Increased DNA replication
D. Increased lysosomal activity
Correct Answer: B. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
Rationale: ATP depletion impairs the sodium-potassium pump. Sodium accumulates
intracellularly, causing water to enter the cell osmotically and producing cellular swelling.
4. Which process moves molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration without requiring ATP?
A. Active transport
B. Endocytosis
C. Diffusion
D. Exocytosis
Correct Answer: C. Diffusion
Rationale: Diffusion is passive movement down a concentration gradient and does not directly
require cellular energy.
5. Osmosis refers specifically to the movement of:
A. Proteins across membranes
B. Water across a selectively permeable membrane
C. ATP into mitochondria
D. Sodium against its gradient
Correct Answer: B. Water across a selectively permeable membrane
Rationale: Osmosis is passive movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
toward the compartment with greater effective solute concentration.
6. Which cellular structure contains most of the cell's genetic material?
A. Nucleus
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Cytoplasm
D. Lysosome
Correct Answer: A. Nucleus
, Rationale: The nucleus contains chromosomes composed primarily of DNA. DNA stores the
genetic instructions required for cellular function and reproduction.
7. Which molecule carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein
synthesis?
A. Transfer RNA
B. Messenger RNA
C. ATP
D. Lipid
Correct Answer: B. Messenger RNA
Rationale: Messenger RNA carries the genetic code transcribed from DNA to ribosomes, where
the sequence is translated into a protein.
8. A mutation that changes one nucleotide in DNA is best described as a:
A. Point mutation
B. Chromosomal deletion
C. Translocation
D. Polyploidy
Correct Answer: A. Point mutation
Rationale: A point mutation involves alteration of a single nucleotide or base pair. Its clinical
effect depends on where it occurs and how it changes gene expression or protein structure.
9. Which process produces two genetically similar daughter cells?
A. Meiosis
B. Mitosis
C. Fertilization
D. Mutation
Correct Answer: B. Mitosis
Rationale: Mitosis produces daughter cells with the same chromosome number as the parent
cell and is essential for growth, tissue repair, and replacement of damaged cells.
10. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell size?
