Migration
Role of constraints, obstacles and barriers
Journey Lower ride from west Africa across the Sahara and a boat ride
across the Mediterranean
Well over 100,000 people may the travel in 2014, dangerous and
serval bodies found dead due to lorry breaking down and people
being separated from guides
Overcrowded boats caused them to sink
Immigration 19th century - USA considers to be underpopulated so encouraged
laws immigration from Europe
Unrestricted migration solved problems
Canada encouraged immigration and planned to have 485,000
immigrants per year by 2024-25 and immigrants account over 23%
of Canadas population
Rural-urban migration - Brazil
Push and pull Rural pop growth - villages in rural areas now have clean
factors water and proper sewage disposal. Reduced death rate and
pop grew. Farms can't support extra people so people
moved into cities
Industrialisation - grew in cities and ports and works move
in to take up new jobs which were better paid and more
secure jobs
More opportunities - more secondary schools and unis are
based in city
More interesting lifestyle
Better transport systems
Average wage in Rio was £13 per hour whereas in Para in
the north it was £2.50
Impact of rural- Countryside coped well and they didn’t have any labour
urban migration in shortage
Brazil Much greater impact in city
Extra workers = rapid industrial growth and increase in
brazils GDP and tax revenue
Brazil has become an NIC with important automobile and
aerospace industries
//
However, many workers are paid low wages and cant afford
a proper house - led to the growth of favelas in Brazil. 16m
people live in favelas in 2022
Not everyone could find a job so informal economy grew.
People opened their own shops etc and didn’t pay taxes
and city council found it hard to raise funds needed to
improve housing and services
Overcrowding lead to extra traffic and air pollution
, Management of this Gov encouraged TNCs to move and set up e.g Fiat in Belo
Horizonte. More people then worked in the formal sector
Council set up ‘self-help’ scheme where they provided the
locals with the materials they needed for these
improvements
Council tried to provide services to existing favelas e.g clean
water
Program launched in 2010 which aim to help improve every
favela by 2020 - benefited around 500,000 residents
Urban-rural migration (counter urbanisation) - St Ives in Cambridgeshire
Info . Is only 100km north of London and 25km northwest of Cambridge
. Close to the A1 trunk roads and main east coast railway line and regular
trains into London
. Georgian building style makes it attractive
. Substantial number of exclusive apartments have been built along the river
Ouse
Changing Becoming more youthful - housing in area is affordable
population Higher standard of living than most parts in the UK
25% of St Ives working population now commutes to London
each day
Urban-urban migration - Brazil. Moving from Rio de Janeiro to Barra da Tijuca
Background information Moving from Rio to new edge of Barra 32km down the coast
Barra was Developed in the 1980s as it was only a short distance from
Rio and had flat land for future growth. It now has pop of 130,000
Problems of living in Rio Built on a very narrow and congested site between
- push factors mountains and the sea and houses are packed into a
confined area
Road congestion that develops in rush hour
Noise and air pollution
Street crime and graffiti are problems in Rio
Beach is usually overcrowded
Benefits of Barra - pull Modern apartments complexes have guards on gates
factors Because security is so good, well-off parents are
prepared to let their children out on their own
Coastal motorway keeps traffic flowing
Public transport is cheap and efficient
Plenty of work in the ‘Le Monde’ office block
Barra has the highest HDI in Brazil (0.97). Compared
with middle class areas of Europe
Role of constraints, obstacles and barriers
Journey Lower ride from west Africa across the Sahara and a boat ride
across the Mediterranean
Well over 100,000 people may the travel in 2014, dangerous and
serval bodies found dead due to lorry breaking down and people
being separated from guides
Overcrowded boats caused them to sink
Immigration 19th century - USA considers to be underpopulated so encouraged
laws immigration from Europe
Unrestricted migration solved problems
Canada encouraged immigration and planned to have 485,000
immigrants per year by 2024-25 and immigrants account over 23%
of Canadas population
Rural-urban migration - Brazil
Push and pull Rural pop growth - villages in rural areas now have clean
factors water and proper sewage disposal. Reduced death rate and
pop grew. Farms can't support extra people so people
moved into cities
Industrialisation - grew in cities and ports and works move
in to take up new jobs which were better paid and more
secure jobs
More opportunities - more secondary schools and unis are
based in city
More interesting lifestyle
Better transport systems
Average wage in Rio was £13 per hour whereas in Para in
the north it was £2.50
Impact of rural- Countryside coped well and they didn’t have any labour
urban migration in shortage
Brazil Much greater impact in city
Extra workers = rapid industrial growth and increase in
brazils GDP and tax revenue
Brazil has become an NIC with important automobile and
aerospace industries
//
However, many workers are paid low wages and cant afford
a proper house - led to the growth of favelas in Brazil. 16m
people live in favelas in 2022
Not everyone could find a job so informal economy grew.
People opened their own shops etc and didn’t pay taxes
and city council found it hard to raise funds needed to
improve housing and services
Overcrowding lead to extra traffic and air pollution
, Management of this Gov encouraged TNCs to move and set up e.g Fiat in Belo
Horizonte. More people then worked in the formal sector
Council set up ‘self-help’ scheme where they provided the
locals with the materials they needed for these
improvements
Council tried to provide services to existing favelas e.g clean
water
Program launched in 2010 which aim to help improve every
favela by 2020 - benefited around 500,000 residents
Urban-rural migration (counter urbanisation) - St Ives in Cambridgeshire
Info . Is only 100km north of London and 25km northwest of Cambridge
. Close to the A1 trunk roads and main east coast railway line and regular
trains into London
. Georgian building style makes it attractive
. Substantial number of exclusive apartments have been built along the river
Ouse
Changing Becoming more youthful - housing in area is affordable
population Higher standard of living than most parts in the UK
25% of St Ives working population now commutes to London
each day
Urban-urban migration - Brazil. Moving from Rio de Janeiro to Barra da Tijuca
Background information Moving from Rio to new edge of Barra 32km down the coast
Barra was Developed in the 1980s as it was only a short distance from
Rio and had flat land for future growth. It now has pop of 130,000
Problems of living in Rio Built on a very narrow and congested site between
- push factors mountains and the sea and houses are packed into a
confined area
Road congestion that develops in rush hour
Noise and air pollution
Street crime and graffiti are problems in Rio
Beach is usually overcrowded
Benefits of Barra - pull Modern apartments complexes have guards on gates
factors Because security is so good, well-off parents are
prepared to let their children out on their own
Coastal motorway keeps traffic flowing
Public transport is cheap and efficient
Plenty of work in the ‘Le Monde’ office block
Barra has the highest HDI in Brazil (0.97). Compared
with middle class areas of Europe
