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Fundamentals of Nursing : History , Concepts and Theories Correct Answers and Rationales
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING TEST I
Content Outline
1. Professional Nursing
A. Historical perspectives in nursing
B. Nursing as a profession
C. Theories in nursing
D. Health care delivery system
1. The four major concepts in nursing theory are the
A. Person, Environment, Nurse, Health
B. Nurse, Person, Environment, Cure
C. Promotive, Preventive, Curative, Rehabilitative
D. Person, Environment, Nursing, Health
* This is an actual board exam question and is a common board question. Theorist always describes
The nursing profession by first defining what is NURSING, followed by the PERSON,
ENVIRONMENT and HEALTH CONCEPT. The most popular theory was perhaps Nightingale’s. She
defined nursing as the utilization of the persons environment to assist him towards recovery. She
defined the person as somebody who has a reparative capabilities mediated and enhanced by factors in
his environment. She describes the environment as something that would facilitate the person’s
reparative process and identified different factors like sanitation, noise, etc. that affects a person’s
reparative state.
2. The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery is theorized by
A. Nightingale
B. Benner
C. Swanson
D. King
* Florence nightingale do not believe in the germ theory, and perhaps this was her biggest mistake. Yet,
her theory was the first in nursing. She believed that manipulation of environment that includes
appropriate noise, nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort, sanitation etc. could provide the client’s body the
nurturance it needs for repair and recovery.
3. For her, Nursing is a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and action
related to care of the ill person
A. King
B. Henderson
C. Roy
D. Leininger
* Remember the word “ THEOROYTICAL “ For Callista Roy, Nursing is a theoretical body of
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Correct Answers
Fundamentals
and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#########################################################
of Nursing ; History , Concepts and Theories Correct Answers and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@###
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Correct Answers
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and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#########################################################
of Nursing ; History , Concepts and Theories Correct Answers and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@###
knowledge that prescribes analysis and action to care for an ill person. She introduced the
ADAPTATION MODEL and viewed person as a BIOSPSYCHOSOCIAL BEING. She believed that by
adaptation, Man can maintain homeostasis.
4. According to her, Nursing is a helping or assistive profession to persons who are wholly or partly
dependent or when those who are supposedly caring for them are no longer able to give care.
A. Henderson
B. Orem
C. Swanson
D. Neuman
* In self care deficit theory, Nursing is defined as A helping or assistive profession to person who are
wholly or partly dependent or when people who are to give care to them are no longer available. Self
care, are the activities that a person do for himself to maintain health, life and well being.
5. Nursing is a unique profession, Concerned with all the variables affecting an individual’s response to
stressors, which are intra, inter and extra personal in nature.
A. Neuman
B. Johnson
C. Watson
D. Parse
* Neuman divided stressors as either intra, inter and extra personal in nature. She said that NURSING
is concerned with eliminating these stressors to obtain a maximum level of wellness. The nurse helps
the client through PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY prevention modes. Please do not
confuse this with LEAVELL and CLARK’S level of prevention.
6. The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health that he would perform unaided if he has the necessary strength, will and
knowledge, and do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.
A. Henderson
B. Abdellah
C. Levin
D. Peplau
* This was an actual board question. Remember this definition and associate it with Virginia
Henderson. Henderson also describes the NATURE OF NURSING theory. She identified 14 basic
needs of the client. She describes nursing roles as SUBSTITUTIVE : Doing everything for the client,
SUPPLEMENTARY : Helping the client and COMPLEMENTARY : Working with the client.
Breathing normally, Eliminating waste, Eating and drinking adquately, Worship and Play are some of
the basic needs according to her.
7. Caring is the essence and central unifying, a dominant domain that distinguishes nursing from other
health disciplines. Care is an essential human need.
A. Benner
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of Nursing ; History , Concepts and Theories Correct Answers and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@###
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of Nursing ; History , Concepts and Theories Correct Answers and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@###
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
* There are many theorist that describes nursing as CARE. The most popular was JEAN WATSON'S
Human Caring Model. But this question pertains to Leininger's definition of caring. CUD I LIE IN
GER? [ Could I Lie In There ] Is the Mnemonics I am using not to get confused. C stands for
CENTRAL , U stands for UNIFYING, D stands for DOMINANT DOMAIN. I emphasize on this
matter due to feedback on the last June 2006 batch about a question about CARING.
8. Caring involves 5 processes, KNOWING, BEING WITH, DOING FOR, ENABLING and
MAINTAINING BELIEF.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
* Caring according to Swanson involves 5 processes. Knowing means understanding the client. Being
with emphasizes the Physical presence of the nurse for the patient. Doing for means doing things for
the patient when he is incapable of doing it for himself. Enabling means helping client transcend
maturational and developmental stressors in life while Maintaining belief is the ability of the Nurse to
inculcate meaning to these events.
9. Caring is healing, it is communicated through the consciousness of the nurse to the individual being
cared for. It allows access to higher human spirit.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
* The deepest and spiritual definition of Caring came from Jean watson. For her, Caring expands the
limits of openess and allows access to higher human spirit.
10. Caring means that person, events, projects and things matter to people. It reveals stress and coping
options. Caring creates responsibility. It is an inherent feature of nursing practice. It helps the nurse
assist clients to recover in the face of the illness.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
* I think of CARE BEAR to facilitate retainment of BENNER. As in, Care Benner. For her, Caring
means being CONNECTED or making things matter to people. Caring according to Benner give
meaning to illness and re establish connection.
11. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about profession according to Marie Jahoda?
A. A profession is an organization of an occupational group based on the application of special
knowledge
B. It serves specific interest of a group
C. It is altruistic
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Correct Answers
Fundamentals
and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#########################################################
of Nursing ; History , Concepts and Theories Correct Answers and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@###
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Correct Answers
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of Nursing ; History , Concepts and Theories Correct Answers and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@###
D. Quality of work is of greater importance than the rewards
* Believe it or not, you should know the definition of profession according to Jahoda because it is
asked in the Local boards. A profession should serve the WHOLE COMMUNITY and not just a
specific intrest of a group. Everything else, are correct.
12. Which of the following is NOT an attribute of a professional?
A. Concerned with quantity
B. Self directed
C. Committed to spirit of inquiry
D. Independent
* A professional is concerned with QUALITY and not QUANTITY. In nursing, We have methods of
quality assurance and control to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing care. Nurses, are never concerned
with QUANTITY of care provided.
13. The most unique characteristic of nursing as a profession is
A. Education
B. Theory
C. Caring
D. Autonomy
* Caring and caring alone, is the most unique quality of the Nursing Profession. It is the one the
delineate Nursing from other professions.
14. This is the distinctive individual qualities that differentiate a person to another
A. Philosophy
B. Personality
C. Charm
D. Character
* Personality are qualities that make us different from each other. These are impressions that we made,
or the footprints that we leave behind. This is the result of the integration of one's talents, behavior,
appearance, mood, character, morals and impulses into one harmonious whole. Philosophy is the basic
truth that fuel our soul and give our life a purpose, it shapes the facets of a person's character. Charm is
to attract other people to be a change agent. Character is our moral values and belief that guides our
actions in life.
15. Refers to the moral values and beliefs that are used as guides to personal behavior and actions
A. Philosophy
B. Personality
C. Charm
D. Character
* Refer to number 14
16. As a nurse manager, which of the following best describes this function?
A. Initiate modification on client’s lifestyle
B. Protect client’s right
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Fundamentals
and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#########################################################
of Nursing ; History , Concepts and Theories Correct Answers and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@###
Correct Answers
Fundamentals
and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#########################################################
of Nursing ; History , Concepts and Theories Correct Answers and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@###
Fundamentals of Nursing : History , Concepts and Theories Correct Answers and Rationales
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING TEST I
Content Outline
1. Professional Nursing
A. Historical perspectives in nursing
B. Nursing as a profession
C. Theories in nursing
D. Health care delivery system
1. The four major concepts in nursing theory are the
A. Person, Environment, Nurse, Health
B. Nurse, Person, Environment, Cure
C. Promotive, Preventive, Curative, Rehabilitative
D. Person, Environment, Nursing, Health
* This is an actual board exam question and is a common board question. Theorist always describes
The nursing profession by first defining what is NURSING, followed by the PERSON,
ENVIRONMENT and HEALTH CONCEPT. The most popular theory was perhaps Nightingale’s. She
defined nursing as the utilization of the persons environment to assist him towards recovery. She
defined the person as somebody who has a reparative capabilities mediated and enhanced by factors in
his environment. She describes the environment as something that would facilitate the person’s
reparative process and identified different factors like sanitation, noise, etc. that affects a person’s
reparative state.
2. The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery is theorized by
A. Nightingale
B. Benner
C. Swanson
D. King
* Florence nightingale do not believe in the germ theory, and perhaps this was her biggest mistake. Yet,
her theory was the first in nursing. She believed that manipulation of environment that includes
appropriate noise, nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort, sanitation etc. could provide the client’s body the
nurturance it needs for repair and recovery.
3. For her, Nursing is a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and action
related to care of the ill person
A. King
B. Henderson
C. Roy
D. Leininger
* Remember the word “ THEOROYTICAL “ For Callista Roy, Nursing is a theoretical body of
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@################################################################################!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Correct Answers
Fundamentals
and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#########################################################
of Nursing ; History , Concepts and Theories Correct Answers and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@###
,@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@################################################################################!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Correct Answers
Fundamentals
and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#########################################################
of Nursing ; History , Concepts and Theories Correct Answers and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@###
knowledge that prescribes analysis and action to care for an ill person. She introduced the
ADAPTATION MODEL and viewed person as a BIOSPSYCHOSOCIAL BEING. She believed that by
adaptation, Man can maintain homeostasis.
4. According to her, Nursing is a helping or assistive profession to persons who are wholly or partly
dependent or when those who are supposedly caring for them are no longer able to give care.
A. Henderson
B. Orem
C. Swanson
D. Neuman
* In self care deficit theory, Nursing is defined as A helping or assistive profession to person who are
wholly or partly dependent or when people who are to give care to them are no longer available. Self
care, are the activities that a person do for himself to maintain health, life and well being.
5. Nursing is a unique profession, Concerned with all the variables affecting an individual’s response to
stressors, which are intra, inter and extra personal in nature.
A. Neuman
B. Johnson
C. Watson
D. Parse
* Neuman divided stressors as either intra, inter and extra personal in nature. She said that NURSING
is concerned with eliminating these stressors to obtain a maximum level of wellness. The nurse helps
the client through PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY prevention modes. Please do not
confuse this with LEAVELL and CLARK’S level of prevention.
6. The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health that he would perform unaided if he has the necessary strength, will and
knowledge, and do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.
A. Henderson
B. Abdellah
C. Levin
D. Peplau
* This was an actual board question. Remember this definition and associate it with Virginia
Henderson. Henderson also describes the NATURE OF NURSING theory. She identified 14 basic
needs of the client. She describes nursing roles as SUBSTITUTIVE : Doing everything for the client,
SUPPLEMENTARY : Helping the client and COMPLEMENTARY : Working with the client.
Breathing normally, Eliminating waste, Eating and drinking adquately, Worship and Play are some of
the basic needs according to her.
7. Caring is the essence and central unifying, a dominant domain that distinguishes nursing from other
health disciplines. Care is an essential human need.
A. Benner
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Correct Answers
Fundamentals
and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#########################################################
of Nursing ; History , Concepts and Theories Correct Answers and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@###
,@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@################################################################################!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Correct Answers
Fundamentals
and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#########################################################
of Nursing ; History , Concepts and Theories Correct Answers and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@###
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
* There are many theorist that describes nursing as CARE. The most popular was JEAN WATSON'S
Human Caring Model. But this question pertains to Leininger's definition of caring. CUD I LIE IN
GER? [ Could I Lie In There ] Is the Mnemonics I am using not to get confused. C stands for
CENTRAL , U stands for UNIFYING, D stands for DOMINANT DOMAIN. I emphasize on this
matter due to feedback on the last June 2006 batch about a question about CARING.
8. Caring involves 5 processes, KNOWING, BEING WITH, DOING FOR, ENABLING and
MAINTAINING BELIEF.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
* Caring according to Swanson involves 5 processes. Knowing means understanding the client. Being
with emphasizes the Physical presence of the nurse for the patient. Doing for means doing things for
the patient when he is incapable of doing it for himself. Enabling means helping client transcend
maturational and developmental stressors in life while Maintaining belief is the ability of the Nurse to
inculcate meaning to these events.
9. Caring is healing, it is communicated through the consciousness of the nurse to the individual being
cared for. It allows access to higher human spirit.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
* The deepest and spiritual definition of Caring came from Jean watson. For her, Caring expands the
limits of openess and allows access to higher human spirit.
10. Caring means that person, events, projects and things matter to people. It reveals stress and coping
options. Caring creates responsibility. It is an inherent feature of nursing practice. It helps the nurse
assist clients to recover in the face of the illness.
A. Benner
B. Watson
C. Leininger
D. Swanson
* I think of CARE BEAR to facilitate retainment of BENNER. As in, Care Benner. For her, Caring
means being CONNECTED or making things matter to people. Caring according to Benner give
meaning to illness and re establish connection.
11. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about profession according to Marie Jahoda?
A. A profession is an organization of an occupational group based on the application of special
knowledge
B. It serves specific interest of a group
C. It is altruistic
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@################################################################################!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Correct Answers
Fundamentals
and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#########################################################
of Nursing ; History , Concepts and Theories Correct Answers and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@###
,@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@################################################################################!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Correct Answers
Fundamentals
and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#########################################################
of Nursing ; History , Concepts and Theories Correct Answers and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@###
D. Quality of work is of greater importance than the rewards
* Believe it or not, you should know the definition of profession according to Jahoda because it is
asked in the Local boards. A profession should serve the WHOLE COMMUNITY and not just a
specific intrest of a group. Everything else, are correct.
12. Which of the following is NOT an attribute of a professional?
A. Concerned with quantity
B. Self directed
C. Committed to spirit of inquiry
D. Independent
* A professional is concerned with QUALITY and not QUANTITY. In nursing, We have methods of
quality assurance and control to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing care. Nurses, are never concerned
with QUANTITY of care provided.
13. The most unique characteristic of nursing as a profession is
A. Education
B. Theory
C. Caring
D. Autonomy
* Caring and caring alone, is the most unique quality of the Nursing Profession. It is the one the
delineate Nursing from other professions.
14. This is the distinctive individual qualities that differentiate a person to another
A. Philosophy
B. Personality
C. Charm
D. Character
* Personality are qualities that make us different from each other. These are impressions that we made,
or the footprints that we leave behind. This is the result of the integration of one's talents, behavior,
appearance, mood, character, morals and impulses into one harmonious whole. Philosophy is the basic
truth that fuel our soul and give our life a purpose, it shapes the facets of a person's character. Charm is
to attract other people to be a change agent. Character is our moral values and belief that guides our
actions in life.
15. Refers to the moral values and beliefs that are used as guides to personal behavior and actions
A. Philosophy
B. Personality
C. Charm
D. Character
* Refer to number 14
16. As a nurse manager, which of the following best describes this function?
A. Initiate modification on client’s lifestyle
B. Protect client’s right
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@################################################################################!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Correct Answers
Fundamentals
and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#########################################################
of Nursing ; History , Concepts and Theories Correct Answers and Rationales.pdf!@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@###
