SHS 485 PRACTICE EXAMS ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Compare and contrast upper motor neurons vs. lower motor neurons - ✔✔UMN:
• Originate in primary motor cortex
• Axons synapse on cell bodies of lower motor neurons in brainstem and spinal cord
• Cell bodies and axons totally contained within brain & spinal cord
LMN:
• Originate in brainstem and spinal cord
• Receive information from upper motor neurons
• Axons synapse on muscle fibers
• Cell bodies contained within CNS; axons leave CNS
✔✔How are Huntington's Disease and Parkinson's Disease related to dysarthria? -
✔✔HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE:
Hyperkinetic Dysarthria is also due to basal ganglia dysfunction in Huntington's Disease
Chorea- Involuntary, rapid, unpatterned random, purposeless movements of a body
partat rest, during sustained postures, & during speech.
PARKINSON'S
Hypokinetic Dysarthria
Rigidity (resistance to movement, stiffness/tightness, slowness) Bradykinesia (reduced
speed, delays & false starts; slowness)
✔✔Apraxia of speech is typically due to damage where? - ✔✔the left frontal cortex near
Broca's Area - due to stroke or another brain injury
insula, primary motor cortex & somatosensory cortex
✔✔What are the types of errors made in apraxia? - ✔✔inconsistant erros while
DYSARTHIA HAS CONSISTANT ERRORS
, ✔✔Characterize and contrast the processes that the left hemisphere and right
hemisphere typically specialize in - ✔✔• The left hemisphere deals with details and
specifics, as well as the linguistic domain
• The right hemisphere deals with the "big picture" and the visuospatial domain
The left visual field (LVF) feeds the RH and vice versa
✔✔Define and describe the behavioral, attentional, visuospatial, etc. deficits that may
be seen in RHD. (Don't worry about categorizing a particular deficit as behavioral,
attentional, or visuospatial- I just mean make sure that you understand all of the
different deficits that may be seen in RHD). - ✔✔ATTENTIONAL:
Anosagnosia: unaware of impairments
proprioception: touch nose w/ eyes closed
left neglect
VISIOSPATIAL:
Topographic Disorientation- failure to orient to the immediate environment
Constructional Apraxia- An impairment of visuospatial motor functions
Prosopagnosia- Difficulty in recognizing faces
AUDITORY:
Amusia: also known as music agnosia - difficulty in recognizing (familiar) melodies
without lyrics
Phonagnosia: problems in recognizing people's voices, or in deciding whether two
voices are the same or different
SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL:
Aprosodia- Specifically emotional prosody
• frontal RH damage = expressive aprosodia
• posterior RH damage = receptive aprosodia
RHD patients cannot read a neutral sentence with happy, sad, angry, etc. intonation
Emotional agnosia- Hypoarousal/hyporesponsiveness - show less reaction than
expected to emotional and disturbing pictures
✔✔Define and describe prosopagnosia, aprosodia, and emotional agnosia. How might
each of these affect everyday communication skills? - ✔✔Prosopagnosia-
Difficulty in recognizing faces, may mistake faces for everyday objects
Aprosodia-
Specifically emotional prosody• frontal RH damage = expressive aprosodia• posterior
RH damage = receptive aprosodia
Emotional agnosia-
Hypoarousal/hyporesponsiveness - show less reaction than expected to emotional and
disturbing pictures
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Compare and contrast upper motor neurons vs. lower motor neurons - ✔✔UMN:
• Originate in primary motor cortex
• Axons synapse on cell bodies of lower motor neurons in brainstem and spinal cord
• Cell bodies and axons totally contained within brain & spinal cord
LMN:
• Originate in brainstem and spinal cord
• Receive information from upper motor neurons
• Axons synapse on muscle fibers
• Cell bodies contained within CNS; axons leave CNS
✔✔How are Huntington's Disease and Parkinson's Disease related to dysarthria? -
✔✔HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE:
Hyperkinetic Dysarthria is also due to basal ganglia dysfunction in Huntington's Disease
Chorea- Involuntary, rapid, unpatterned random, purposeless movements of a body
partat rest, during sustained postures, & during speech.
PARKINSON'S
Hypokinetic Dysarthria
Rigidity (resistance to movement, stiffness/tightness, slowness) Bradykinesia (reduced
speed, delays & false starts; slowness)
✔✔Apraxia of speech is typically due to damage where? - ✔✔the left frontal cortex near
Broca's Area - due to stroke or another brain injury
insula, primary motor cortex & somatosensory cortex
✔✔What are the types of errors made in apraxia? - ✔✔inconsistant erros while
DYSARTHIA HAS CONSISTANT ERRORS
, ✔✔Characterize and contrast the processes that the left hemisphere and right
hemisphere typically specialize in - ✔✔• The left hemisphere deals with details and
specifics, as well as the linguistic domain
• The right hemisphere deals with the "big picture" and the visuospatial domain
The left visual field (LVF) feeds the RH and vice versa
✔✔Define and describe the behavioral, attentional, visuospatial, etc. deficits that may
be seen in RHD. (Don't worry about categorizing a particular deficit as behavioral,
attentional, or visuospatial- I just mean make sure that you understand all of the
different deficits that may be seen in RHD). - ✔✔ATTENTIONAL:
Anosagnosia: unaware of impairments
proprioception: touch nose w/ eyes closed
left neglect
VISIOSPATIAL:
Topographic Disorientation- failure to orient to the immediate environment
Constructional Apraxia- An impairment of visuospatial motor functions
Prosopagnosia- Difficulty in recognizing faces
AUDITORY:
Amusia: also known as music agnosia - difficulty in recognizing (familiar) melodies
without lyrics
Phonagnosia: problems in recognizing people's voices, or in deciding whether two
voices are the same or different
SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL:
Aprosodia- Specifically emotional prosody
• frontal RH damage = expressive aprosodia
• posterior RH damage = receptive aprosodia
RHD patients cannot read a neutral sentence with happy, sad, angry, etc. intonation
Emotional agnosia- Hypoarousal/hyporesponsiveness - show less reaction than
expected to emotional and disturbing pictures
✔✔Define and describe prosopagnosia, aprosodia, and emotional agnosia. How might
each of these affect everyday communication skills? - ✔✔Prosopagnosia-
Difficulty in recognizing faces, may mistake faces for everyday objects
Aprosodia-
Specifically emotional prosody• frontal RH damage = expressive aprosodia• posterior
RH damage = receptive aprosodia
Emotional agnosia-
Hypoarousal/hyporesponsiveness - show less reaction than expected to emotional and
disturbing pictures
