BIO 201 Exam 4
Cerebellum contains ___% of the neurons 50
The brain weighs ___ pounds 3.5
Longitudinal Fissure separates 2 cerebral hemispheres (left/right)
Central Sulcus Separates frontal & parietal lobe
Gyri folds
Sulci grooves
cortex surface layer of gray matter
nuclei deeper masses of gray matter
tracts bundles of axons
gray matter neuron cell bodies, dendrites & synapses
-forms cortex over cerebrum & cerebellum
-forms nuclei deep with in brain
white matter bundles of axons
-forms tracts that connect parts of the brain
Meninges Dura Mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Dura mater outermost, tough membrane
-outer periosteal layer against bone
-inner meningeal layer
-subdural space (below dura mater)
-where separated from inner meningeal layer forms dural venous
sinusesdraining blood from brain
supportive structures formed by dura mater falx cerebri, falx cerebelli & tentorium cerebelli
Arachnoid mater spider web filamentous layer
Pia mater a thin vascular layer adherent to contours of brain
, BIO 201 Exam 4
Meningitis Inflammation of the meninges
-bacterial & virus invasion of the CNS by way of the nose & throat
-signs: high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness & intense headache which could lead
to coma
-diagnose by examining the CSF fluid for bacteria
Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) check spinal fluid
-draws fluid from subarachnoid space between two lumbar vertebrae
Lateral ventricles found inside the cerebral hemispheres
Third ventricle single vertical space under corpus callosum
Cerebral aqueduct runs through the midbrain (connects 3rd & 4th ventricle)
Central canal runs down through spinal cord
Ventricles Internal chambers within the CNS
-lined with ependymal cells & containing choroid plexus of capillaries that
produce CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid clear liquid that fills ventricles & canals & bathes in its external surface (in
subarachnoid space)
The brain produces & absorbs ___ml/day of CSF 500
Functions of CSF Buoyancy: floats brain so its neutrally buoyant
Protection: cushions from hitting inside of skull
Chemical stability: rinses away wastes
CSF escapes from ___ to surround the brain & is 4th ventricle/ arachnoid villi
absorbed by ___ into venous sinus
Circumventricular organs... ...in 3rd & 4th ventricles are breaks in the barrier where blood has direct access
-monitoring of glucose, pH, osmolarity & other variations
-allows route for HIV to invade the brain
, BIO 201 Exam 4
Blood-brain & Blood-CSF barriers Tightly joined endothelium
-permeable to lipid-soluble materials (alcohol, nicotine, O2, CO2 & anesthetics)
Hindbrain Medulla Oblongata, Pons, Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata contains cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory & reflex centers which adjust heart rate
but also control coughing & sneezing, etc.
-3 cm extension of spinal cord
-ascending & descending nerve tracts
-Nuclei of sensory & motor nerves (IX,X,XI,XII)
Cardiac Center (Medulla) adjusts heart rate & force
Vasomotor Center (Medulla) adjusts blood vessel diameter
Respiratory Center (Medulla) controls rate & depth of breathing
Reflex Center (Medulla) coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting, salivation, sweating,
movements of tongue & head
Pons Bulge in the brainstem
-Rostral to the medulla
-Ascending sensory tracts, descending motor tracks
-pathways in & out of cerebellum
-nuclei concerned with sleep, hearing, balance, taste, eye movements, facial
expression, facial sensation, respiration, swallowing, bladder control & posture
(CN V, VI, VII, VIII)
Cerebellum Evaluates sensory input (spatial perception), timekeeping center (predicts
movements of objects), distinguish pitch & similar sounding words, planning &
scheduling tasks.
-helps learn motor skills (memory)
-Sits atop the 4th ventricle
Cerebellar penduncles Connects cerebellum to the brainstem
Arbor vitae "tree of life" white matter visible in sagittal section of cerebellum
Vermis connect left & right hemispheres of cerebellum
Folia Parallel surface folds on cerebellum made up of gray matter
-all of output comes from deep gray nuclei
Cerebellum contains ___% of the neurons 50
The brain weighs ___ pounds 3.5
Longitudinal Fissure separates 2 cerebral hemispheres (left/right)
Central Sulcus Separates frontal & parietal lobe
Gyri folds
Sulci grooves
cortex surface layer of gray matter
nuclei deeper masses of gray matter
tracts bundles of axons
gray matter neuron cell bodies, dendrites & synapses
-forms cortex over cerebrum & cerebellum
-forms nuclei deep with in brain
white matter bundles of axons
-forms tracts that connect parts of the brain
Meninges Dura Mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Dura mater outermost, tough membrane
-outer periosteal layer against bone
-inner meningeal layer
-subdural space (below dura mater)
-where separated from inner meningeal layer forms dural venous
sinusesdraining blood from brain
supportive structures formed by dura mater falx cerebri, falx cerebelli & tentorium cerebelli
Arachnoid mater spider web filamentous layer
Pia mater a thin vascular layer adherent to contours of brain
, BIO 201 Exam 4
Meningitis Inflammation of the meninges
-bacterial & virus invasion of the CNS by way of the nose & throat
-signs: high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness & intense headache which could lead
to coma
-diagnose by examining the CSF fluid for bacteria
Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) check spinal fluid
-draws fluid from subarachnoid space between two lumbar vertebrae
Lateral ventricles found inside the cerebral hemispheres
Third ventricle single vertical space under corpus callosum
Cerebral aqueduct runs through the midbrain (connects 3rd & 4th ventricle)
Central canal runs down through spinal cord
Ventricles Internal chambers within the CNS
-lined with ependymal cells & containing choroid plexus of capillaries that
produce CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid clear liquid that fills ventricles & canals & bathes in its external surface (in
subarachnoid space)
The brain produces & absorbs ___ml/day of CSF 500
Functions of CSF Buoyancy: floats brain so its neutrally buoyant
Protection: cushions from hitting inside of skull
Chemical stability: rinses away wastes
CSF escapes from ___ to surround the brain & is 4th ventricle/ arachnoid villi
absorbed by ___ into venous sinus
Circumventricular organs... ...in 3rd & 4th ventricles are breaks in the barrier where blood has direct access
-monitoring of glucose, pH, osmolarity & other variations
-allows route for HIV to invade the brain
, BIO 201 Exam 4
Blood-brain & Blood-CSF barriers Tightly joined endothelium
-permeable to lipid-soluble materials (alcohol, nicotine, O2, CO2 & anesthetics)
Hindbrain Medulla Oblongata, Pons, Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata contains cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory & reflex centers which adjust heart rate
but also control coughing & sneezing, etc.
-3 cm extension of spinal cord
-ascending & descending nerve tracts
-Nuclei of sensory & motor nerves (IX,X,XI,XII)
Cardiac Center (Medulla) adjusts heart rate & force
Vasomotor Center (Medulla) adjusts blood vessel diameter
Respiratory Center (Medulla) controls rate & depth of breathing
Reflex Center (Medulla) coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting, salivation, sweating,
movements of tongue & head
Pons Bulge in the brainstem
-Rostral to the medulla
-Ascending sensory tracts, descending motor tracks
-pathways in & out of cerebellum
-nuclei concerned with sleep, hearing, balance, taste, eye movements, facial
expression, facial sensation, respiration, swallowing, bladder control & posture
(CN V, VI, VII, VIII)
Cerebellum Evaluates sensory input (spatial perception), timekeeping center (predicts
movements of objects), distinguish pitch & similar sounding words, planning &
scheduling tasks.
-helps learn motor skills (memory)
-Sits atop the 4th ventricle
Cerebellar penduncles Connects cerebellum to the brainstem
Arbor vitae "tree of life" white matter visible in sagittal section of cerebellum
Vermis connect left & right hemispheres of cerebellum
Folia Parallel surface folds on cerebellum made up of gray matter
-all of output comes from deep gray nuclei
