HONDROS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2 FINAL SCRIPT PAPER 2026 VERIFIED SOLUTIONS FULL CONTENT

HONDROS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2
FINAL SCRIPT PAPER 2026 VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS FULL CONTENT


◉ Anatomy


Physiology
Answer: Structure of the body; "What you are looking at: kidney,
heart, lungs


function of the body; How it functions: How does food breakdown"


◉ Homeostasis
Answer: Maintaining a stable internal environment


Think thermostat: when temp at 70, AC will switch on


◉ negative feedback loop
Answer: A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the
opposite direction from which it is moving

,On/ off


◉ levels of organization (smallest to largest)
Answer: 1) atom: H, O, C, NA+, Ca2+
2) molecule: H2O, O2, CO2, C6H12O6
3) cell: Osteocyte (bone), neuron (nerve), erythrocytes ( skin/
muscle)
4) tissue: Muscle, connective, epithelial
5) organ: Heart, lungs, kidneys, brain
6) organ system: Cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, reproductive
7) organism: Human


◉ standard anatomical position (SAP)
Answer: Standing straight with feet and palms facing forward.


◉ Anterior (ventral)


posterior (dorsal)
Answer: forward


toward the back.

,◉ Superior


Inferior
Answer: top


bottom


◉ Lateral


Medial
Answer: away from midline


toward midline


◉ proximal


distal
Answer: towards point of attachment


away from point of attachment

, shoulders/ hips


◉ central


peripheral
Answer: center


away from center


Think of vision


◉ Superficial


Deep
Answer: nearer the surface


farther away from the body surface


◉ sagittal plane


mid- sagittal plane
Answer: Body divided into left and right