BIOS 252 Final Exam Questions and Correct
Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027 | Graded A+ |
Guaranteed Pass!!
1. Define spinal reflex and use an example from the body to illustrate a spinal reflex. (Page
446)
Spinal Reflex – when integration takes place in the spinal cord gray matter
If you pick up something hot, the grasping muscles may relax and you may drop the hot object
even before you are consciously aware of the extreme heat or pain. This is an example of a
spinal cord reflex—a quick, automatic response to certain kinds of stimuli that involves neurons
only in the spinal nerves and spinal cord.
2. Describe sleep and its major stages and then contrast sleep to coma - how are they similar
and how do they differ.(Page 570)
Sleep is a state of altered consciousness or partial unconsciousness from which a person can be
aroused
Coma is a state of unconsciousness in which a person has little or no response to stimuli
Alpha waves- stage 1 (drowsy)
Sleep Spindles – Stage 2 light sleep
Theta and delta waves – stags 3-4 deep sleep Beta
waves- fully awake eyes open
Brain Waves:
Alpha waves – awake and resting
Beta Waves – mental and sensory activity
Theta Waves – emotional distress
Delta Waves – Deep sleep in adults
3. Explain language usage and comprehension including a description of the two major
language areas of the brain, where they are located and what they are specialized to
accomplish, including what happens when damage occurs to either area.
Broca’s Area:
Located in the frontal lobe left hemisphere, deals with speaking and understanding
language that involve sensory association and motor areas at the cortex
Wernicke’s Area:
Located in the left temporal & parietal lobes left hemisphere, interprets the meaning
of speech by recognizing spoken words, translates words into thoughts Damage to
Broca’s:
, Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) means understand words but cannot speak your thoughts
Damage to Wernicke’s:
Can speak but cannot arrange words in a coherent fashion
6. Explain the control of estrogen and progesterone through the endocrine system.
FSH – stimulates follicular cells to secrete estrogen, which is the female sex hormone
Both FSH and LH stimulate secretion of estrogen by ovarian cells together estrogen and
progesterone prepare uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum and help prepare mammary
gland for milk secretion
7. Explain the process of calcium regulation in the body using the concepts of homeostasis and
negative feedback
The parathyroid glad is the main regulator of calcium. PTH stimulates the release of calcium
into the blood from the bones and causes the kidneys to retain calcium from urine and activate
Vitamin D that aids in the retention of Ca. The thyroid gland makes calcitonin which removes
calcium from the blood and puts it into the bones.
8. How is sugar regulated in the body (both up and down regulation of the molecule in the
blood stream)
When the body does not convert enough glucose for use, blood sugar levels remain high. Insulin
helps the body’s cells absorb glucose, lowering blood sugar and providing the cells with the
glucose they need for energy. When blood sugar levels are too low the pancreas releases
glucagon. Glucagon forces the liver to release stored glucose which causes the blood sugar to
rise.
9. Discriminate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine and exocrine secretions
Autocrine –Hormones that act on the cell that produced them.
Paracrine – Hormones are released from cells and bind to receptor on nearby cells and affects
their function. Local hormones diffuse a short distance to other cells
Endocrine –Secret their hormones into the interstitial fluid surrounding secretory cells Exocrine
– Secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretion into body cavities into the lumen of
an organ or the sweat glands and sebaceous glands, mucus and digestive glands
3. Compare and contrast the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus, discussing their anatomical
and physiological differences.
The inner ear is divided into 2 categories: the cochlea and vestibular apparatus.
Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027 | Graded A+ |
Guaranteed Pass!!
1. Define spinal reflex and use an example from the body to illustrate a spinal reflex. (Page
446)
Spinal Reflex – when integration takes place in the spinal cord gray matter
If you pick up something hot, the grasping muscles may relax and you may drop the hot object
even before you are consciously aware of the extreme heat or pain. This is an example of a
spinal cord reflex—a quick, automatic response to certain kinds of stimuli that involves neurons
only in the spinal nerves and spinal cord.
2. Describe sleep and its major stages and then contrast sleep to coma - how are they similar
and how do they differ.(Page 570)
Sleep is a state of altered consciousness or partial unconsciousness from which a person can be
aroused
Coma is a state of unconsciousness in which a person has little or no response to stimuli
Alpha waves- stage 1 (drowsy)
Sleep Spindles – Stage 2 light sleep
Theta and delta waves – stags 3-4 deep sleep Beta
waves- fully awake eyes open
Brain Waves:
Alpha waves – awake and resting
Beta Waves – mental and sensory activity
Theta Waves – emotional distress
Delta Waves – Deep sleep in adults
3. Explain language usage and comprehension including a description of the two major
language areas of the brain, where they are located and what they are specialized to
accomplish, including what happens when damage occurs to either area.
Broca’s Area:
Located in the frontal lobe left hemisphere, deals with speaking and understanding
language that involve sensory association and motor areas at the cortex
Wernicke’s Area:
Located in the left temporal & parietal lobes left hemisphere, interprets the meaning
of speech by recognizing spoken words, translates words into thoughts Damage to
Broca’s:
, Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) means understand words but cannot speak your thoughts
Damage to Wernicke’s:
Can speak but cannot arrange words in a coherent fashion
6. Explain the control of estrogen and progesterone through the endocrine system.
FSH – stimulates follicular cells to secrete estrogen, which is the female sex hormone
Both FSH and LH stimulate secretion of estrogen by ovarian cells together estrogen and
progesterone prepare uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum and help prepare mammary
gland for milk secretion
7. Explain the process of calcium regulation in the body using the concepts of homeostasis and
negative feedback
The parathyroid glad is the main regulator of calcium. PTH stimulates the release of calcium
into the blood from the bones and causes the kidneys to retain calcium from urine and activate
Vitamin D that aids in the retention of Ca. The thyroid gland makes calcitonin which removes
calcium from the blood and puts it into the bones.
8. How is sugar regulated in the body (both up and down regulation of the molecule in the
blood stream)
When the body does not convert enough glucose for use, blood sugar levels remain high. Insulin
helps the body’s cells absorb glucose, lowering blood sugar and providing the cells with the
glucose they need for energy. When blood sugar levels are too low the pancreas releases
glucagon. Glucagon forces the liver to release stored glucose which causes the blood sugar to
rise.
9. Discriminate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine and exocrine secretions
Autocrine –Hormones that act on the cell that produced them.
Paracrine – Hormones are released from cells and bind to receptor on nearby cells and affects
their function. Local hormones diffuse a short distance to other cells
Endocrine –Secret their hormones into the interstitial fluid surrounding secretory cells Exocrine
– Secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretion into body cavities into the lumen of
an organ or the sweat glands and sebaceous glands, mucus and digestive glands
3. Compare and contrast the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus, discussing their anatomical
and physiological differences.
The inner ear is divided into 2 categories: the cochlea and vestibular apparatus.
