NUR 641E Midterm Study Guide Questions
with 100% Verified Correct Answers
Prodrug
An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various
biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability
the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug)
stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from system
Pharmacokinetics
The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and
excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass
the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes through the liver before entering other organs
,does not
bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
Bioequivalence
relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by)
-chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450
-enzymes that function to metabolize potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and
products of endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors (ex.
warfarin with omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer
An inducer increases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of
the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor
An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect
of the substrate.
, Clopidogrel
prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are poor
metabolizers may not form the active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines)
how often a drug is administered
4-5
steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA)
-Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K
warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA)
-rapid anticoagulation by binding with antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa,
and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA)
direct factor Xa inhibitor
parenteral administration
with 100% Verified Correct Answers
Prodrug
An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various
biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability
the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug)
stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from system
Pharmacokinetics
The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and
excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass
the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes through the liver before entering other organs
,does not
bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
Bioequivalence
relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by)
-chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450
-enzymes that function to metabolize potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and
products of endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are inhibitors (ex.
warfarin with omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer
An inducer increases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of
the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor
An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect
of the substrate.
, Clopidogrel
prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are poor
metabolizers may not form the active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines)
how often a drug is administered
4-5
steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA)
-Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K
warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA)
-rapid anticoagulation by binding with antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa,
and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA)
direct factor Xa inhibitor
parenteral administration
