1- Explain the concept of culture (6)
Def- culture is the way of life of a particular society, which consists of the norms and values of that
society.
One e.g- one example of culture is the Nayar family, studied by Gough. Women are allowed 6
husbands, men an unlimited number of wives. Contrasts to British culture- monogamous
relationships.
Another e.g- another example of culture is the Hamar tribe, looked at by Mead. When men come of
age they must jump over cattle, women are whipped. Contrasts to Jewish culture- bar mitzvahs.
2- Explain the concept of norms (6)
Def- norms are the expected patterns of behaviour in a society, based on their values. They are
socially constructed (created by society) and relative (differ between times and places)
One e.g- a norm being having multiple partners in the Nayar culture- Gough. Contrasts to norm of
monogamy in British culture.
Another e.g- a norm being men being more subordinate in the Tchambuli tribe- Mead. Contrasts to
norm being breadwinner male in British culture- Parsons- Instrumental role.
3- Explain the concept of values (6)
Def- a value is a belief which the majority of society views as important and agrees on. They are
socially constructed & relative.
One e.g- value of family loyalty in Asian families- Bhatti- izzat. Contrasts to individualistic value in
white British families- Berthoud. (tradition vs modern individualism)
Another e.g- value of religion in Asian families- Modood & Bethoud- 67% Asians. Contrasts to less
emphasis in white British- M & B- only 5% WB
4- Explain the concept of subculture (6)
Def- culture within a culture which shares distinct norms & values from the culture it is derived from.
Can be positive or deviant as they break away from the mainstream.
One e.g- Willis- the lads- anti-school subculture. In contrast to pro-school subcultures- Bowles &
Gintis- hidden curriculum
Another e.g- Blackman- new wave girls- smoked etc- not stereotypical females. Compared to
expectations of females in Asian families- Bhatti- izzat. Banaz.
5- Explain the concept of high culture (6)
Def- high culture is the activities associated with those in the upper class. Require a high level of
education to appreciate them. Is superior to popular culture.
One e.g- classical music- cultural capital- Bourdieu. Compared to pop/ rap music.
Another e.g- horse racing- royal ascot- Mackintosh & Mooney- social closure.
Def- culture is the way of life of a particular society, which consists of the norms and values of that
society.
One e.g- one example of culture is the Nayar family, studied by Gough. Women are allowed 6
husbands, men an unlimited number of wives. Contrasts to British culture- monogamous
relationships.
Another e.g- another example of culture is the Hamar tribe, looked at by Mead. When men come of
age they must jump over cattle, women are whipped. Contrasts to Jewish culture- bar mitzvahs.
2- Explain the concept of norms (6)
Def- norms are the expected patterns of behaviour in a society, based on their values. They are
socially constructed (created by society) and relative (differ between times and places)
One e.g- a norm being having multiple partners in the Nayar culture- Gough. Contrasts to norm of
monogamy in British culture.
Another e.g- a norm being men being more subordinate in the Tchambuli tribe- Mead. Contrasts to
norm being breadwinner male in British culture- Parsons- Instrumental role.
3- Explain the concept of values (6)
Def- a value is a belief which the majority of society views as important and agrees on. They are
socially constructed & relative.
One e.g- value of family loyalty in Asian families- Bhatti- izzat. Contrasts to individualistic value in
white British families- Berthoud. (tradition vs modern individualism)
Another e.g- value of religion in Asian families- Modood & Bethoud- 67% Asians. Contrasts to less
emphasis in white British- M & B- only 5% WB
4- Explain the concept of subculture (6)
Def- culture within a culture which shares distinct norms & values from the culture it is derived from.
Can be positive or deviant as they break away from the mainstream.
One e.g- Willis- the lads- anti-school subculture. In contrast to pro-school subcultures- Bowles &
Gintis- hidden curriculum
Another e.g- Blackman- new wave girls- smoked etc- not stereotypical females. Compared to
expectations of females in Asian families- Bhatti- izzat. Banaz.
5- Explain the concept of high culture (6)
Def- high culture is the activities associated with those in the upper class. Require a high level of
education to appreciate them. Is superior to popular culture.
One e.g- classical music- cultural capital- Bourdieu. Compared to pop/ rap music.
Another e.g- horse racing- royal ascot- Mackintosh & Mooney- social closure.
