Patho 2 NSG 3850 Exam 2 [Success]
Patho 2 NSG 3850 Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9rbjvo
1. hypoventilation results in ^ high PACO2 (greater than >45) and hypoxemia
- Drugs like morphine and barbiturates depress the CNS which leads to hypoven-
tilation
- obesity, myasthenia gravis, obstructive sleep apnea, chest wall damage, paralysis
of respiratory muscles, surgery of the thorax or abdomen can cause hypoventila-
tion
2. Hyperventilation - Increase of air entering the alveoli leads to hypocapnia (decrease in CO2 levels)
(PACO2 <35 mm Hg)
Etiology
- Pain, fever, anxiety, obstructive and restrictive lung diseases, sepsis, high altitude
(lower air pressure), and brainstem injury
3. Hypoxia - Decrease in tissue oxygenation.
- Hypoxic hypoxia (high altitude, hypoventilation, obstruction)
- Anemic hypoxia (low hemoglobin)
- Circulatory hypoxia (low cardiac output; shock)- normal O2 carrying RBC, problem
in blood flow. Ex: pt in cardiac arrest
- Histotoxic hypoxia (decreased O2 carrying capacity from a toxic substance;
cyanide poisoning)
4. acute bronchitis - Acute inflammation of the trachea and bronchi
- Viral (most) or non-viral, Inhalation of smoke or chemicals,
- Allergic reactions
Clinical Manifestations
· Usually mild and self-limiting
· Cough (productive or nonproductive)
· Low-grade fever
2026-04-16
, Patho 2 NSG 3850 Exam 2 [Success]
Patho 2 NSG 3850 Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9rbjvo
· Substernal chest discomfort
· Sore throat
· Postnasal drip
· Fatigue
- Increased mucus production
- Loss of ciliary function
- Loss of portions of the ciliated epithelium
Diagnostic Tests
- Distinct hallmark of disease: recent onset of cough
- Chest x-ray to distinguish acute bronchitis from pneumonia- would be placed on
antibiotic.
- *Highest incidences are noted in smokers, young children (see a lot of asthmatic
bronchitis with wheezing and soa), and the elderly.
5. chronic bronchi- - Cigarette smoking (90%)
tis - Repeated airway infections
- Genetic predisposition
- Inhalation of physical or chemical irritants
- Chronic or recurrent productive cough greater than >3 months >2+ successive
years
- Type B COPD, "blue bloater": cyanotic lips and nail beds, overweight, soa, chronic
cough
- Hypersecretion of bronchial mucus
- Persistent, irreversible when paired with emphysema.
- 1:2 male to female ratio
>30 to 40 years.
Diagnostic tests:
- Chest x-ray
2026-04-16
, Patho 2 NSG 3850 Exam 2 [Success]
Patho 2 NSG 3850 Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9rbjvo
- Pulmonary function tests
- Arterial blood gas (ABG)- increase in CO2 due to impaired respiration, harder to
respiratory- ABG would show increase ^ CO2 and low O2
- ECG
- Secondary polycythemia- increase in RBC, because the hypoxemia leads to
increased production of RBC in attempt to carry more Oxygen to the body tissues.
Clinical Manifestations
- Typical patient is overweight.
- Commonly associated with emphysema
- SOB on exertion
- Excessive sputum
- Chronic cough (more severe in mornings)
- Evidence of excess body fluids (edema, hypervolemia)
- Cyanosis (late sign), blue around the lips is called circumoral
**RIGHT SIDED HEART FAILURE EFFECTING THE BODY**
Left side HF: effects lungs
Right side HF: effects body ex: edema, distended beck veins
6. Left sided HF & - **left sided heart failure effects lungs, right sided heart failure effects the body.
Right sided HF At the end stages of chronic bronchitis, the patient presents with signs of right
sided heart failure (distended neck veins, peripheral edema)
7. Emphysema Etiology
- Type A COPD: Pink Puffer
- Damage is irreversible
- Smoking more than 70 packs a year
- Certain occupations: mining, welding, working with or near asbestos
- Antitrypsin deficiency
Patho:
2026-04-16
, Patho 2 NSG 3850 Exam 2 [Success]
Patho 2 NSG 3850 Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9rbjvo
- smoking causes alveolar damage
- reduction in pulmonary capillary bed
- Loss of elastic tissue in lungs
-air becomes trapped in distal alveoli creating Barrel Chest
Clinical Manifestations:
- use of accessory muscles, exertional dyspnea, use of accessory muscles
- cough (minimal or absent)
- Thing, wasted appearance, underweight individuals
- Decreased breath sounds
- Chronic morning cough
- Digital clubbing
- Barrel chest
-Hyperresonance, pursed- lip breathing, Wheezing.
- O2 sat high 80%s- patient baseline
Diagnostic tests
- Chest x-ray
- Hx and physical
- ABGS
- Pulmonary function test
- electrocardiogram
8. Sarcoidosis Etiology
- Acute or chronic systemic disease of unknown cause
- Growth of inflammatory cells
- first degree relative increases risk
Patho:
- mainly effects lymph nodes and lung tissue
Clinical Manifestations
- Malaise, fatigue, Weight loss, Fever
2026-04-16
Patho 2 NSG 3850 Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9rbjvo
1. hypoventilation results in ^ high PACO2 (greater than >45) and hypoxemia
- Drugs like morphine and barbiturates depress the CNS which leads to hypoven-
tilation
- obesity, myasthenia gravis, obstructive sleep apnea, chest wall damage, paralysis
of respiratory muscles, surgery of the thorax or abdomen can cause hypoventila-
tion
2. Hyperventilation - Increase of air entering the alveoli leads to hypocapnia (decrease in CO2 levels)
(PACO2 <35 mm Hg)
Etiology
- Pain, fever, anxiety, obstructive and restrictive lung diseases, sepsis, high altitude
(lower air pressure), and brainstem injury
3. Hypoxia - Decrease in tissue oxygenation.
- Hypoxic hypoxia (high altitude, hypoventilation, obstruction)
- Anemic hypoxia (low hemoglobin)
- Circulatory hypoxia (low cardiac output; shock)- normal O2 carrying RBC, problem
in blood flow. Ex: pt in cardiac arrest
- Histotoxic hypoxia (decreased O2 carrying capacity from a toxic substance;
cyanide poisoning)
4. acute bronchitis - Acute inflammation of the trachea and bronchi
- Viral (most) or non-viral, Inhalation of smoke or chemicals,
- Allergic reactions
Clinical Manifestations
· Usually mild and self-limiting
· Cough (productive or nonproductive)
· Low-grade fever
2026-04-16
, Patho 2 NSG 3850 Exam 2 [Success]
Patho 2 NSG 3850 Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9rbjvo
· Substernal chest discomfort
· Sore throat
· Postnasal drip
· Fatigue
- Increased mucus production
- Loss of ciliary function
- Loss of portions of the ciliated epithelium
Diagnostic Tests
- Distinct hallmark of disease: recent onset of cough
- Chest x-ray to distinguish acute bronchitis from pneumonia- would be placed on
antibiotic.
- *Highest incidences are noted in smokers, young children (see a lot of asthmatic
bronchitis with wheezing and soa), and the elderly.
5. chronic bronchi- - Cigarette smoking (90%)
tis - Repeated airway infections
- Genetic predisposition
- Inhalation of physical or chemical irritants
- Chronic or recurrent productive cough greater than >3 months >2+ successive
years
- Type B COPD, "blue bloater": cyanotic lips and nail beds, overweight, soa, chronic
cough
- Hypersecretion of bronchial mucus
- Persistent, irreversible when paired with emphysema.
- 1:2 male to female ratio
>30 to 40 years.
Diagnostic tests:
- Chest x-ray
2026-04-16
, Patho 2 NSG 3850 Exam 2 [Success]
Patho 2 NSG 3850 Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9rbjvo
- Pulmonary function tests
- Arterial blood gas (ABG)- increase in CO2 due to impaired respiration, harder to
respiratory- ABG would show increase ^ CO2 and low O2
- ECG
- Secondary polycythemia- increase in RBC, because the hypoxemia leads to
increased production of RBC in attempt to carry more Oxygen to the body tissues.
Clinical Manifestations
- Typical patient is overweight.
- Commonly associated with emphysema
- SOB on exertion
- Excessive sputum
- Chronic cough (more severe in mornings)
- Evidence of excess body fluids (edema, hypervolemia)
- Cyanosis (late sign), blue around the lips is called circumoral
**RIGHT SIDED HEART FAILURE EFFECTING THE BODY**
Left side HF: effects lungs
Right side HF: effects body ex: edema, distended beck veins
6. Left sided HF & - **left sided heart failure effects lungs, right sided heart failure effects the body.
Right sided HF At the end stages of chronic bronchitis, the patient presents with signs of right
sided heart failure (distended neck veins, peripheral edema)
7. Emphysema Etiology
- Type A COPD: Pink Puffer
- Damage is irreversible
- Smoking more than 70 packs a year
- Certain occupations: mining, welding, working with or near asbestos
- Antitrypsin deficiency
Patho:
2026-04-16
, Patho 2 NSG 3850 Exam 2 [Success]
Patho 2 NSG 3850 Exam 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9rbjvo
- smoking causes alveolar damage
- reduction in pulmonary capillary bed
- Loss of elastic tissue in lungs
-air becomes trapped in distal alveoli creating Barrel Chest
Clinical Manifestations:
- use of accessory muscles, exertional dyspnea, use of accessory muscles
- cough (minimal or absent)
- Thing, wasted appearance, underweight individuals
- Decreased breath sounds
- Chronic morning cough
- Digital clubbing
- Barrel chest
-Hyperresonance, pursed- lip breathing, Wheezing.
- O2 sat high 80%s- patient baseline
Diagnostic tests
- Chest x-ray
- Hx and physical
- ABGS
- Pulmonary function test
- electrocardiogram
8. Sarcoidosis Etiology
- Acute or chronic systemic disease of unknown cause
- Growth of inflammatory cells
- first degree relative increases risk
Patho:
- mainly effects lymph nodes and lung tissue
Clinical Manifestations
- Malaise, fatigue, Weight loss, Fever
2026-04-16
