(2026/2027) [NSG 430]
ACS (acute coronary syndrome) occurs when chest pain from ischemia is prolonged and not
immediately reversible
Unstable angina ACS
–- chest pain with a new onset
-- occurs at rest
-- increasing frequency
-- increasing duration
-- usually 10 minutes or more
Not relieved with rest
Stable angina ACS
-- over a long period of time with similar onset and duration
-- Relieved by nitroglycerin or rest
Sublingual nitroglycerin ▪ Side effects: orthostatic hypotension (ask to sit down)
▪ Repeated dose every 5 minutes for a maximum of 3 doses
and then call 911
▪ Store tablets away from light and heat sources
Page 1 of 53 4/16/2026, 3:47:41 PM
,(2026/2027) [NSG 430]
IV nitroglycerin -- peripheral vasodilation
-- decreases preload and afterload
-- Side effects: hypotension
Addison's disease adrenocortical insufficiency, corticosteroids are reduced,
ACTH deficiency
Adrenal crisis Severe ABD pain, profound weakness, hypotension, renal
failure, shock, and possibly death. May result from
stress/trauma, or from abrupt discontinuation of long-term
steroid medication use, ex: Prednisone.
Addison's disease symptoms chronic fatigue, muscle weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, hypotension, hypoglycemia, sweating, irritability,
weight loss
Page 2 of 53 4/16/2026, 3:47:41 PM
,(2026/2027) [NSG 430]
Addison Disease medications Low steroids (need to Add) them
--corticosteroids
--mineralocorticoids
-- glucocorticoids
Cushing's disease (Remember: UP, UP, UP, DOWN, UP)
- HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume,
HYPOkalemia, HYPERglycemia
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure acute exacerbation of heart failure, with signs and symptoms
(ADHF) of severe respiratory distress and poor systemic perfusion
ADHF medications -- loop diuretics
-- vasodilators
-- inotropes
Page 3 of 53 4/16/2026, 3:47:41 PM
, (2026/2027) [NSG 430]
ADHF signs and symptoms Pulmonary congestion and volume overload, pulmonary
edema
Heart Failure symptoms (HF) shortness of breath, fatigue, weight gain, nausea, and pain
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) rapid loss of renal function due to damage to the kidneys
AKI phases -- prerenal
-- intrarenal
-- postrenal
Prerenal causes --decreased cardiac output
--hypovolemia
--shock
-- MI
-- HF
--dehydration
-- decreased renal blood flow
Page 4 of 53 4/16/2026, 3:47:41 PM
ACS (acute coronary syndrome) occurs when chest pain from ischemia is prolonged and not
immediately reversible
Unstable angina ACS
–- chest pain with a new onset
-- occurs at rest
-- increasing frequency
-- increasing duration
-- usually 10 minutes or more
Not relieved with rest
Stable angina ACS
-- over a long period of time with similar onset and duration
-- Relieved by nitroglycerin or rest
Sublingual nitroglycerin ▪ Side effects: orthostatic hypotension (ask to sit down)
▪ Repeated dose every 5 minutes for a maximum of 3 doses
and then call 911
▪ Store tablets away from light and heat sources
Page 1 of 53 4/16/2026, 3:47:41 PM
,(2026/2027) [NSG 430]
IV nitroglycerin -- peripheral vasodilation
-- decreases preload and afterload
-- Side effects: hypotension
Addison's disease adrenocortical insufficiency, corticosteroids are reduced,
ACTH deficiency
Adrenal crisis Severe ABD pain, profound weakness, hypotension, renal
failure, shock, and possibly death. May result from
stress/trauma, or from abrupt discontinuation of long-term
steroid medication use, ex: Prednisone.
Addison's disease symptoms chronic fatigue, muscle weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, hypotension, hypoglycemia, sweating, irritability,
weight loss
Page 2 of 53 4/16/2026, 3:47:41 PM
,(2026/2027) [NSG 430]
Addison Disease medications Low steroids (need to Add) them
--corticosteroids
--mineralocorticoids
-- glucocorticoids
Cushing's disease (Remember: UP, UP, UP, DOWN, UP)
- HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume,
HYPOkalemia, HYPERglycemia
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure acute exacerbation of heart failure, with signs and symptoms
(ADHF) of severe respiratory distress and poor systemic perfusion
ADHF medications -- loop diuretics
-- vasodilators
-- inotropes
Page 3 of 53 4/16/2026, 3:47:41 PM
, (2026/2027) [NSG 430]
ADHF signs and symptoms Pulmonary congestion and volume overload, pulmonary
edema
Heart Failure symptoms (HF) shortness of breath, fatigue, weight gain, nausea, and pain
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) rapid loss of renal function due to damage to the kidneys
AKI phases -- prerenal
-- intrarenal
-- postrenal
Prerenal causes --decreased cardiac output
--hypovolemia
--shock
-- MI
-- HF
--dehydration
-- decreased renal blood flow
Page 4 of 53 4/16/2026, 3:47:41 PM
