NSG-316 important info to consider
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1. S1 first heart sound closure of the AV valves
singles the beginning of systole
Mitral component of the first sound slightly precedes tricuspid com-
ponent
mitral and tricuspid
loudest at apex
2. Which condition is most Hypertension
associated with S4
3. Where should the nurse C7 (apices)
begin auscultation poste-
riorly?
4. Client with JVD and edema right HF
5. Bronchial sounds in pe- Consolidation
riphery
6. LEFT-SIDED HF = LUNGS Think: "Left = Lungs"
Pulmonary congestion
Crackles
Dyspnea
Orthopnea (can't lie flat)
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Possible S3
Blood backs up into lungs
=I
7. Ascites abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
8. RIGHT-SIDED HF = BODY Think: "Right = Rest of body"
=™
JVD
Peripheral edema
[2026] Page 1 of 33
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Hepatomegaly
Ascites
Weight gain
Blood backs up into systemic circulation
=I
9. Why are crackles common Atelectasis
in older adults?
10. Hyperresonance indicates Air
11. Second heart sounds S2 occurs with the closure of the semilunar valves
signals the end of systole
Aortic component of second sound slightly precedes pulmonic com-
ponent
loudest at the base (top of heart)
12. how respiration affects inspiration increases venous return to the right heart
heart sounds
more to the right less to the left-inspiration increases right sided
stroke volume and slightly delays the closure of the pulmonic valve
causing normal split S2
13. Third heart sound S3 extra beat realting in how ventricles fill
sounds like a gallop
occurs when ventricles are resistant to filling during early rapid filling
phase (protodiastole)
occurs immediately after S2 when AV valves open and atrial blood
first pours into ventricles
rapid ventricular filling can be normal in children and young adults
older adults it suggests fluid volume overload or early heart failure
14. fourth heart sound S4 extra beat related in how ventricle fills
occurs at end of diastole at presystole when ventricle resistant to
[2026] Page 2 of 33
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filling
occurs right before S1
sounds like tennessee
stiff, noncompliant ventricle
common in hypertension, CAD or a history of myocardial infarction
15. Heart murmurs turbulent blood flow sounds
gentle, blowing, swooshing sound that can be heart on chest wall
conditions that create turbulent blood flow and collision currents
-velocity of blood increases (anemia, pregnancy)
-viscosity of blood decreases
-structural defects in valves (stenosis or regurgitation)
note timing, pitch, loudness, pattern, and radiation
16. not all of these are patho- heart murmurs but all should be evaluated
logical
17. during auscultation note timing, pitch, loudness, pattern, and radiation
what for heart murmurs
18. What happens to collagen Increased collagen and decreased elastin lead to myocardial hyper-
and elastin in the older trophy.
adult heart?
19. How does the older adult There is a decreased response, resulting in slower recovery of heart
heart respond to stress or rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output.
exercise?
20. What changes occur to Heart valves become thick and stiff, leading to murmurs.
heart valves in older
adults?
21.
[2026] Page 3 of 33
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What happens to the The number of pacemaker cells decreases, leading to dysrhythmias
number of pacemaker and heart blocks.
cells in older adults?
22. How does the function There is a decreased number and function of B-adrenergic re-
of B-adrenergic receptors ceptors, resulting in decreased stress response and sensitivity to
change in older adults? B-adrenergic agonists.
23. What effect does arteri- It leads to increased systolic blood pressure due to arteriosclerosis.
al stiffening have on sys-
tolic blood pressure in old-
er adults?
24. What is the risk associated There is an increased risk of arrhythmias, murmurs, and conduction
with arrhythmias in older problems.
adults?
25. How does aging affect the There is an increased anteroposterior diameter of the chest, making
chest's anatomy in older cardiac landmarks harder to auscultate.
adults?
26. What is the prevalence There is a higher prevalence due to reduced baroreceptor sensitivity.
of orthostatic hypoten-
sion in older adults?
27. What skeletal change is Kyphosis is commonly observed.
commonly seen in older
adults?
28. What is postprandial hy- Postprandial hypotension increases the risk of falls.
potension and its risk in
older adults?
29.
[2026] Page 4 of 33
Latest NSG-316 important info to consider (Answer Guide)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_j5uvzt
1. S1 first heart sound closure of the AV valves
singles the beginning of systole
Mitral component of the first sound slightly precedes tricuspid com-
ponent
mitral and tricuspid
loudest at apex
2. Which condition is most Hypertension
associated with S4
3. Where should the nurse C7 (apices)
begin auscultation poste-
riorly?
4. Client with JVD and edema right HF
5. Bronchial sounds in pe- Consolidation
riphery
6. LEFT-SIDED HF = LUNGS Think: "Left = Lungs"
Pulmonary congestion
Crackles
Dyspnea
Orthopnea (can't lie flat)
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Possible S3
Blood backs up into lungs
=I
7. Ascites abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
8. RIGHT-SIDED HF = BODY Think: "Right = Rest of body"
=™
JVD
Peripheral edema
[2026] Page 1 of 33
, NSG-316 important info to consider
Latest NSG-316 important info to consider (Answer Guide)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_j5uvzt
Hepatomegaly
Ascites
Weight gain
Blood backs up into systemic circulation
=I
9. Why are crackles common Atelectasis
in older adults?
10. Hyperresonance indicates Air
11. Second heart sounds S2 occurs with the closure of the semilunar valves
signals the end of systole
Aortic component of second sound slightly precedes pulmonic com-
ponent
loudest at the base (top of heart)
12. how respiration affects inspiration increases venous return to the right heart
heart sounds
more to the right less to the left-inspiration increases right sided
stroke volume and slightly delays the closure of the pulmonic valve
causing normal split S2
13. Third heart sound S3 extra beat realting in how ventricles fill
sounds like a gallop
occurs when ventricles are resistant to filling during early rapid filling
phase (protodiastole)
occurs immediately after S2 when AV valves open and atrial blood
first pours into ventricles
rapid ventricular filling can be normal in children and young adults
older adults it suggests fluid volume overload or early heart failure
14. fourth heart sound S4 extra beat related in how ventricle fills
occurs at end of diastole at presystole when ventricle resistant to
[2026] Page 2 of 33
, NSG-316 important info to consider
Latest NSG-316 important info to consider (Answer Guide)
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_j5uvzt
filling
occurs right before S1
sounds like tennessee
stiff, noncompliant ventricle
common in hypertension, CAD or a history of myocardial infarction
15. Heart murmurs turbulent blood flow sounds
gentle, blowing, swooshing sound that can be heart on chest wall
conditions that create turbulent blood flow and collision currents
-velocity of blood increases (anemia, pregnancy)
-viscosity of blood decreases
-structural defects in valves (stenosis or regurgitation)
note timing, pitch, loudness, pattern, and radiation
16. not all of these are patho- heart murmurs but all should be evaluated
logical
17. during auscultation note timing, pitch, loudness, pattern, and radiation
what for heart murmurs
18. What happens to collagen Increased collagen and decreased elastin lead to myocardial hyper-
and elastin in the older trophy.
adult heart?
19. How does the older adult There is a decreased response, resulting in slower recovery of heart
heart respond to stress or rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output.
exercise?
20. What changes occur to Heart valves become thick and stiff, leading to murmurs.
heart valves in older
adults?
21.
[2026] Page 3 of 33
, NSG-316 important info to consider
Latest NSG-316 important info to consider (Answer Guide)
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What happens to the The number of pacemaker cells decreases, leading to dysrhythmias
number of pacemaker and heart blocks.
cells in older adults?
22. How does the function There is a decreased number and function of B-adrenergic re-
of B-adrenergic receptors ceptors, resulting in decreased stress response and sensitivity to
change in older adults? B-adrenergic agonists.
23. What effect does arteri- It leads to increased systolic blood pressure due to arteriosclerosis.
al stiffening have on sys-
tolic blood pressure in old-
er adults?
24. What is the risk associated There is an increased risk of arrhythmias, murmurs, and conduction
with arrhythmias in older problems.
adults?
25. How does aging affect the There is an increased anteroposterior diameter of the chest, making
chest's anatomy in older cardiac landmarks harder to auscultate.
adults?
26. What is the prevalence There is a higher prevalence due to reduced baroreceptor sensitivity.
of orthostatic hypoten-
sion in older adults?
27. What skeletal change is Kyphosis is commonly observed.
commonly seen in older
adults?
28. What is postprandial hy- Postprandial hypotension increases the risk of falls.
potension and its risk in
older adults?
29.
[2026] Page 4 of 33
