Campbell Biology Concepts & Connections Chapter 4 & 5 Study Guide
cytoplasm The contents of a eukaryotic cell between the plasma membrane and the
nucleus; consists of a semifluid medium and organelles; can also refer to the
interior of a prokaryotic cell.
nucleoid A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is
concentrated.
flagellum A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion.
capsule Jellylike outer coating of many prokaryotes.
cell wall A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria,
fungi, and some protists; protects the cell and helps maintain its shape.
plasma membrane The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier to
the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell; consists of a
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
fimbriae Attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes.
organelle A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell.
cellular metabolism All the chemical activities of a cell.
nucleus The organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form
of chromosomes, made of chromatin.
chromatin The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes;
often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended form taken by chromosomes
when a cell is not dividing.
nuclear envelope A double membrane that enclosed the nucleus, perforated with pores that
regulate traffic with the cytoplasm.
nucleolus A structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled
with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits.
endomembrane system A network of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related
either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous
vesicles.
vesicle A sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.
, Campbell Biology Concepts & Connections Chapter 4 & 5 Study Guide
endoplasmic reticulum An extensive membranous network in a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the
outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and
ribosome-free )smooth) regions.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes.
rough endoplasmic reticulum That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached that make
membrane proteins and secretory proteins.
golgi apparatus An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that
modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum.
lysosome A digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells; contains hydrolytic enzymes that
digest engulfed food or damaged organelles.
vacuole A membrane-enclosed sac that is part of the endomembrane system of a
eukaryotic cell and has diverse functions in different kinds of cells.
central vacuole In a plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth and the
storage of chemicals and wastes.
mitochondrion An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. Enclosed by
two membranes, it is where most of the cell's ATP is made.
mitochondrial matrix The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and
containing enzymes and substrate for the citric acid cycle.
cristae An infolding of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
chloroplast An organelle found in plants and algae that absorbs sunlight and uses it to
drive the synthesis of organic compounds(sugars) from carbon dioxide and
water.
stroma The dense fluid within the chloroplast that surrounds the thylakoid membrane
and is involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and
water. Sugars are made here by the enzymes of the Calvin cycle.
cytoplasm The contents of a eukaryotic cell between the plasma membrane and the
nucleus; consists of a semifluid medium and organelles; can also refer to the
interior of a prokaryotic cell.
nucleoid A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is
concentrated.
flagellum A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion.
capsule Jellylike outer coating of many prokaryotes.
cell wall A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria,
fungi, and some protists; protects the cell and helps maintain its shape.
plasma membrane The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier to
the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell; consists of a
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
fimbriae Attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes.
organelle A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell.
cellular metabolism All the chemical activities of a cell.
nucleus The organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form
of chromosomes, made of chromatin.
chromatin The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes;
often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended form taken by chromosomes
when a cell is not dividing.
nuclear envelope A double membrane that enclosed the nucleus, perforated with pores that
regulate traffic with the cytoplasm.
nucleolus A structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled
with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits.
endomembrane system A network of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related
either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous
vesicles.
vesicle A sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.
, Campbell Biology Concepts & Connections Chapter 4 & 5 Study Guide
endoplasmic reticulum An extensive membranous network in a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the
outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and
ribosome-free )smooth) regions.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes.
rough endoplasmic reticulum That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached that make
membrane proteins and secretory proteins.
golgi apparatus An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that
modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum.
lysosome A digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells; contains hydrolytic enzymes that
digest engulfed food or damaged organelles.
vacuole A membrane-enclosed sac that is part of the endomembrane system of a
eukaryotic cell and has diverse functions in different kinds of cells.
central vacuole In a plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth and the
storage of chemicals and wastes.
mitochondrion An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. Enclosed by
two membranes, it is where most of the cell's ATP is made.
mitochondrial matrix The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and
containing enzymes and substrate for the citric acid cycle.
cristae An infolding of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
chloroplast An organelle found in plants and algae that absorbs sunlight and uses it to
drive the synthesis of organic compounds(sugars) from carbon dioxide and
water.
stroma The dense fluid within the chloroplast that surrounds the thylakoid membrane
and is involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and
water. Sugars are made here by the enzymes of the Calvin cycle.
