CIPP/E ORIGINS AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF DATA PROTECTION
LAW EXAM LATEST 2026 UPDATED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 100%
SOLUTIONS (2026/2027) |A+ GRADED |GUARANTEED PASS
What Article of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights sets out the right to freedom of
expression? - Answers -Article 19 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights sets out the
right to freedom of expression.
'Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to
hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas
through any media and regardless of frontiers.'
What Article of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights reconciles the provisions of Article
19 which might appear to be at odds with the provisions of Article 12, particularly where the
exercise of Article 19 might result in the invasion of privacy contrary to Article 12? - Answers -
Article 29(2) of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights reconciles the provisions of Article
19 and Article 12. It states that individual rights are not absolute and that there will be instances
where a balance must be struck to limit their exercise:
'In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as
are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the
rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order
and the general welfare in a democratic society.'
ECHR - Answers -European Convention on Human Rights
European Convention on Human Rights signed, when in force and application. - Answers -
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) signed in Rome in 1950 and came into force on 3
1|Page
, September 1953. The ECHR applies only to member states and therefore is referred to as a
'closed instrument'. All Council of Europe member states are a party to the ECHR and new
members are expected to ratify the ECHR at the earliest opportunity.
European Convention on Human Rights expectations of parties. - Answers -Parties to the
European Convention on Human Rights undertake to provide these rights and freedoms to
everyone within their jurisdiction.
European Convention on Human Rights fundamental rights and freedoms it protects (12). -
Answers -The ECHR protects: the right to life; prohibition of torture; prohibition of slavery and
forced labour; right to liberty and security; right to a fair trial; no punishment without law;
respect for private and family life; freedom of thought, conscience and religion; freedom of
expression; freedom of assembly and association; right to marry; right to an effective remedy
and prohibition of discrimination.
System of enforcement established in Strasbourg which examines alleged breaches of the ECHR
- Answers -The European Court of Human Rights examines alleged breaches of the ECHR.
Rulings of the European Court of Human Rights are binding on the states concerned and can
lead to an amendment of legislation or a change in practice by national governments.
What else can the European Court of Human Rights do other than investigate alleged breaches
of the ECHR? - Answers -As well as investigating alleged breaches of the ECHR the European
Court of Human Rights can, at the request of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of
Europe, give advisory opinions concerning the interpretation of the ECHR and the protocols.
2|Page
LAW EXAM LATEST 2026 UPDATED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 100%
SOLUTIONS (2026/2027) |A+ GRADED |GUARANTEED PASS
What Article of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights sets out the right to freedom of
expression? - Answers -Article 19 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights sets out the
right to freedom of expression.
'Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to
hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas
through any media and regardless of frontiers.'
What Article of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights reconciles the provisions of Article
19 which might appear to be at odds with the provisions of Article 12, particularly where the
exercise of Article 19 might result in the invasion of privacy contrary to Article 12? - Answers -
Article 29(2) of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights reconciles the provisions of Article
19 and Article 12. It states that individual rights are not absolute and that there will be instances
where a balance must be struck to limit their exercise:
'In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as
are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the
rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order
and the general welfare in a democratic society.'
ECHR - Answers -European Convention on Human Rights
European Convention on Human Rights signed, when in force and application. - Answers -
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) signed in Rome in 1950 and came into force on 3
1|Page
, September 1953. The ECHR applies only to member states and therefore is referred to as a
'closed instrument'. All Council of Europe member states are a party to the ECHR and new
members are expected to ratify the ECHR at the earliest opportunity.
European Convention on Human Rights expectations of parties. - Answers -Parties to the
European Convention on Human Rights undertake to provide these rights and freedoms to
everyone within their jurisdiction.
European Convention on Human Rights fundamental rights and freedoms it protects (12). -
Answers -The ECHR protects: the right to life; prohibition of torture; prohibition of slavery and
forced labour; right to liberty and security; right to a fair trial; no punishment without law;
respect for private and family life; freedom of thought, conscience and religion; freedom of
expression; freedom of assembly and association; right to marry; right to an effective remedy
and prohibition of discrimination.
System of enforcement established in Strasbourg which examines alleged breaches of the ECHR
- Answers -The European Court of Human Rights examines alleged breaches of the ECHR.
Rulings of the European Court of Human Rights are binding on the states concerned and can
lead to an amendment of legislation or a change in practice by national governments.
What else can the European Court of Human Rights do other than investigate alleged breaches
of the ECHR? - Answers -As well as investigating alleged breaches of the ECHR the European
Court of Human Rights can, at the request of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of
Europe, give advisory opinions concerning the interpretation of the ECHR and the protocols.
2|Page
