2026 Biol 2401 Final Exam
Homeostasis - to maintain nearly constant internal conditions within limits
Physiology - the study of how the body functions
Anabolism - uses energy to build larger molecules
Hypothesis - an educated guess
Cytology - study of cells
Histology - study of tissues
Metabolism - the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Anatomy - the study of the structure of the body
Catabolism - breaks down large molecules to release energy
Levels of Organization - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organism
Identify the organ systems - be able to identify the function of each
,Transverse plane - Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)
parts
Midsagittal plane - Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves
Directional terms - know terms like proximal and distal - superior and inferior - etc.
Doral cavities - cranial and vertebral
Ventral cavities - Thoracic and abdominal pelvic
Regional terms - review figure 1.7
Serous membranes - Visceral covers organs - Parietal lines cavities
Mediastinum - median space in the thoracic cavity
Contains heart
Know Serous membranes - heart - pericardium
lungs - pleura
peritoneum - abdominal
9 compartments of the abdominopelvic cavity - Identify compartments
Umbilical - Epigastric - Hypogastric - hypochondriac - lumbar - umbilical and iliac regions
, Matter - has mass and occupies space
Three forms of matter - Solid (e.g., bone) Liquid (e.g., blood) Gas (e.g., oxygen)
HONC - 4 elements that make up 96% of the mass
Ions - Atoms with a positive or a negative charge
Cations - ions with a positive charge
Anions - ions with negative charge
Ionic bonds - Cations and anions bound by electrostatic forces
Covalent bonds - Atoms share electrons
How many covalent bonds can HONC share - H - 1 O - 2 N - 3 C - 4
Hydrogen bond - weak bond partial positive and a partial negative atom
pH scale - review the pH scale
Acid - proton donor e.g. HCl
Base - proton acceptor e.g. NaOh
Homeostasis - to maintain nearly constant internal conditions within limits
Physiology - the study of how the body functions
Anabolism - uses energy to build larger molecules
Hypothesis - an educated guess
Cytology - study of cells
Histology - study of tissues
Metabolism - the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Anatomy - the study of the structure of the body
Catabolism - breaks down large molecules to release energy
Levels of Organization - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organism
Identify the organ systems - be able to identify the function of each
,Transverse plane - Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)
parts
Midsagittal plane - Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves
Directional terms - know terms like proximal and distal - superior and inferior - etc.
Doral cavities - cranial and vertebral
Ventral cavities - Thoracic and abdominal pelvic
Regional terms - review figure 1.7
Serous membranes - Visceral covers organs - Parietal lines cavities
Mediastinum - median space in the thoracic cavity
Contains heart
Know Serous membranes - heart - pericardium
lungs - pleura
peritoneum - abdominal
9 compartments of the abdominopelvic cavity - Identify compartments
Umbilical - Epigastric - Hypogastric - hypochondriac - lumbar - umbilical and iliac regions
, Matter - has mass and occupies space
Three forms of matter - Solid (e.g., bone) Liquid (e.g., blood) Gas (e.g., oxygen)
HONC - 4 elements that make up 96% of the mass
Ions - Atoms with a positive or a negative charge
Cations - ions with a positive charge
Anions - ions with negative charge
Ionic bonds - Cations and anions bound by electrostatic forces
Covalent bonds - Atoms share electrons
How many covalent bonds can HONC share - H - 1 O - 2 N - 3 C - 4
Hydrogen bond - weak bond partial positive and a partial negative atom
pH scale - review the pH scale
Acid - proton donor e.g. HCl
Base - proton acceptor e.g. NaOh
