canin the t +
hypothes exhies peer review
informed
IV-manipulated Right to withdraw, consent , deceit, protection
·
·
Dr-measure from harm confidentiality
,
·
Extraneous variables -
uncontrollable ; affects D · observation : naturalistic/lab ; covert/overt ; ppt/
·
confounding variables -
notIr but affect DV nppt
·
Null
hypothesis -
predicts no significance/relationship ·
self-report : interview/questionnaire
↳ closed/open
·
Directional -
predicts significance in a specific direction as
↳
·
Non-directional-predicts significance but no specific direction structured/unstructured interview
↳
X
~>
sampling methods social desirability ; LR's >
-
·
volunteer-self-selected ; X-Winter is
Snowball-person asked brings someone along
·
opportunist-avaliable ; V-quick t easy X-unrepresentative
equal chance of selection chard to do
random-random selection ; V-removes bias X-time consuming
data handling etals tests recibility+
·
quantitative qualitative
vs . (V :
Boundary for significance validity
· critical value )
·
primary
-
Vup to date X-time ·
Reliability is the consistency of the results
split-
·
secondary -time X up to date I
internal reliability -
consistency within test] half
·
central tendency - mean ; median ; mode -
external reliability-consistency over time Just
·
dispersion-range ; SD
(categories) Corder) cequal units)
·
nominal ; ordinal; interval ·
Validity is if a test measures what it intends to
Independent - Repeated
"
Correlation internal validity + if effects are due to IV not CV
↑
nominal Chi-square Binomial external validity- generalisability
Sign world
·
ecological-real
ordinal/ Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon Spearman's ~
·
temporal -
over time
Test face-valid at surface level
Rho test ·
interval r test T -
test ·
population other groups
-
designs
B
+
experimental votot
different participant in each condition differing (decreasing
participant V noorder X-participant
TO IMPROVE :
independent diff variable lind dif ); validity)
-
measures
-
-
. .
same participants in all conditions
·
repeated measure -
V-ind . diff controlled * order effect (fatigue)
-
->
counterbalancing RELIABILITY
match groups on
key variable >
V-ind dif
X-time consuming S tandardised
-
·
match pair -
. . Controlled procedure ;
~ 14 int. validity)
·
lab-IV manipulated V-standardised X deco validity = clear operationalisation
·
field-IV manipulated ~ ↑eco validity X-lower control VALIDITY
*
quasi- IV not manipulated V-natural X-lacks ↓ DC , random
·
variables control >
-
control Ev ,
counterbalancing controls order effect-varying order of conditions systematically sampling
·
·
randomisation reduces bias-randomly determining condition order
·
demand characteristics
*articipant /non-participant
hypothes exhies peer review
informed
IV-manipulated Right to withdraw, consent , deceit, protection
·
·
Dr-measure from harm confidentiality
,
·
Extraneous variables -
uncontrollable ; affects D · observation : naturalistic/lab ; covert/overt ; ppt/
·
confounding variables -
notIr but affect DV nppt
·
Null
hypothesis -
predicts no significance/relationship ·
self-report : interview/questionnaire
↳ closed/open
·
Directional -
predicts significance in a specific direction as
↳
·
Non-directional-predicts significance but no specific direction structured/unstructured interview
↳
X
~>
sampling methods social desirability ; LR's >
-
·
volunteer-self-selected ; X-Winter is
Snowball-person asked brings someone along
·
opportunist-avaliable ; V-quick t easy X-unrepresentative
equal chance of selection chard to do
random-random selection ; V-removes bias X-time consuming
data handling etals tests recibility+
·
quantitative qualitative
vs . (V :
Boundary for significance validity
· critical value )
·
primary
-
Vup to date X-time ·
Reliability is the consistency of the results
split-
·
secondary -time X up to date I
internal reliability -
consistency within test] half
·
central tendency - mean ; median ; mode -
external reliability-consistency over time Just
·
dispersion-range ; SD
(categories) Corder) cequal units)
·
nominal ; ordinal; interval ·
Validity is if a test measures what it intends to
Independent - Repeated
"
Correlation internal validity + if effects are due to IV not CV
↑
nominal Chi-square Binomial external validity- generalisability
Sign world
·
ecological-real
ordinal/ Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon Spearman's ~
·
temporal -
over time
Test face-valid at surface level
Rho test ·
interval r test T -
test ·
population other groups
-
designs
B
+
experimental votot
different participant in each condition differing (decreasing
participant V noorder X-participant
TO IMPROVE :
independent diff variable lind dif ); validity)
-
measures
-
-
. .
same participants in all conditions
·
repeated measure -
V-ind . diff controlled * order effect (fatigue)
-
->
counterbalancing RELIABILITY
match groups on
key variable >
V-ind dif
X-time consuming S tandardised
-
·
match pair -
. . Controlled procedure ;
~ 14 int. validity)
·
lab-IV manipulated V-standardised X deco validity = clear operationalisation
·
field-IV manipulated ~ ↑eco validity X-lower control VALIDITY
*
quasi- IV not manipulated V-natural X-lacks ↓ DC , random
·
variables control >
-
control Ev ,
counterbalancing controls order effect-varying order of conditions systematically sampling
·
·
randomisation reduces bias-randomly determining condition order
·
demand characteristics
*articipant /non-participant
