CAMPBELL BIOLOGY CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION 2026 EXAM SCRIPT FULLY
SOLVED QUESTIONS
◉Monosaccharide. Answer: A single sugar molecule such as glucose
or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.
◉Disaccharide. Answer: A double sugar, consisting of two
monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis and a glycosidic
linkage.
◉glycosidic linkage. Answer: a type of covalent bond that joins a
carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may
not be another carbohydrate.
◉triacylglycerol. Answer: A lipid consisting of three fatty acids
linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat
◉saturated fatty acid. Answer: A fatty acid in which all carbons in
the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing
the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon
skeleton.
,◉unsaturated fatty acid. Answer: A fatty acid possessing one or
more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail.
Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to
the carbon skeleton.
◉Hydrogenation. Answer: The process of converting unsaturated
fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
◉Phospholipids. Answer: A molecule that is a constituent of the
inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic
head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
◉steroid. Answer: lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings
◉peptide bond. Answer: Bonds that connect amino acids.
◉Polypeptide. Answer: chain (polymer) of amino acids
◉amino acid. Answer: an organic molecule with both an amino
group and a carboxyl group; building blocks of protein
◉primary structure of protein. Answer: the amino acid sequence of
the polypeptide chain
, ◉secondary structure of protein. Answer: the folding and twisting of
amino acid chain
◉tertiary structure of protein. Answer: protein structure is formed
when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to
from a larger 3D structure
◉quaternary structure of protein. Answer: protein structure is a
protein consisting of more than one folded amino acid chain
◉sickle cell disease. Answer: Substitution of valine for glutamic acid
at the position of the sixth amino acid in the primary structure of
hemoglobin; a genetic disorder in which red cells have abnormal
shape
◉denaturation. Answer: When a protein becomes biologically
inactive due to changes in the environment
◉X-ray crystallography. Answer: A technique used to study the
three-dimensional structure of molecules. It depends on the
diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized
molecule.
◉nuclear magnetic resonance. Answer: uses radio waves to depict
arrangement of carbon and hydrogen atoms
EVALUATION 2026 EXAM SCRIPT FULLY
SOLVED QUESTIONS
◉Monosaccharide. Answer: A single sugar molecule such as glucose
or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.
◉Disaccharide. Answer: A double sugar, consisting of two
monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis and a glycosidic
linkage.
◉glycosidic linkage. Answer: a type of covalent bond that joins a
carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may
not be another carbohydrate.
◉triacylglycerol. Answer: A lipid consisting of three fatty acids
linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat
◉saturated fatty acid. Answer: A fatty acid in which all carbons in
the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing
the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon
skeleton.
,◉unsaturated fatty acid. Answer: A fatty acid possessing one or
more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail.
Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to
the carbon skeleton.
◉Hydrogenation. Answer: The process of converting unsaturated
fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
◉Phospholipids. Answer: A molecule that is a constituent of the
inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic
head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
◉steroid. Answer: lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings
◉peptide bond. Answer: Bonds that connect amino acids.
◉Polypeptide. Answer: chain (polymer) of amino acids
◉amino acid. Answer: an organic molecule with both an amino
group and a carboxyl group; building blocks of protein
◉primary structure of protein. Answer: the amino acid sequence of
the polypeptide chain
, ◉secondary structure of protein. Answer: the folding and twisting of
amino acid chain
◉tertiary structure of protein. Answer: protein structure is formed
when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to
from a larger 3D structure
◉quaternary structure of protein. Answer: protein structure is a
protein consisting of more than one folded amino acid chain
◉sickle cell disease. Answer: Substitution of valine for glutamic acid
at the position of the sixth amino acid in the primary structure of
hemoglobin; a genetic disorder in which red cells have abnormal
shape
◉denaturation. Answer: When a protein becomes biologically
inactive due to changes in the environment
◉X-ray crystallography. Answer: A technique used to study the
three-dimensional structure of molecules. It depends on the
diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized
molecule.
◉nuclear magnetic resonance. Answer: uses radio waves to depict
arrangement of carbon and hydrogen atoms
