Multi Store Model (Atkinson and
Shiffrin) Encoding Capacit Duratio Forgett Retriev
y n ing al
Sensory Through 4 letters 2 Through Scanning
Memory sensory (Sperling seconds decay
format (e.g., ) (or less)
iconic
memory)
Supporting evidence for MSM:
- Much supporting evidence for the Short-term Acoustically 7±2 Potentially Through Sequenti
infinite, as
different types of stores e.g., Miller and memory and verbally 'chunks'
long as
displace al search
of ment
difference in capacity rehearsal
informati uninterrup
- Brown and Peterson showed without on ted,
rehearsal, memories of trigrams only (Miller) otherwise
a few
retained for short period of time seconds
- Cuntiz and Glanzer showed primary and
recency effect
Opposing evidence for MSM: Long-term Encoded Unlimited Potentiall Through Semantic
- Cases of brain damaged people have memory semantically y interfere or
, and unlimite nce temporal
shown that LTM is not affected in a temporally d search
uniformed way (Bahrick
- The model is oversimplistic, does not 48 years
later)
expand on the STM or LTM
- Much of the supporting evidence comes
, Working Memory Model (Baddeley and
Hitch)
The Working Memory Model developed the STM, it was divided into
different areas
- Central executive – Drives the whole system, allocates data to the
subsystems, also deals with cognitive tasks such as arithmetic and
problem solving
- The Phonological Loop, deals with spoken and written material, the
phonological store acts as an inner ear and holds information in a
speech-based form, the articulatory control process acts like an
inner voice rehearsing information round like a tape loop, it
converts written material into an articulatory control
- The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad, acts as an inner eye, dealing with
visual and spatial information, it helps us keep track of where we
Strengths of the WMM:
are in relation to other objects and displays and manipulates visual
- The WMM explains a lot more than the MSM, it helps to explain things like verbal reasoning, problem
and spatial information held in the LTM
solving and more
- The KF case study supports the WMM, KF suffered brain damage, yet his memory for visual
information was largely unaffected
- WMM is supported by dual task studies such as Baddeley and Hitch
Weaknesses of the WMM:
- The WMM only includes information about the STM, not the LTM or the SM
- Lieberman criticises the WMM as the VSS implies that all spatial information was first visual, yet
there are blind people who have excellent spatial awareness
Shiffrin) Encoding Capacit Duratio Forgett Retriev
y n ing al
Sensory Through 4 letters 2 Through Scanning
Memory sensory (Sperling seconds decay
format (e.g., ) (or less)
iconic
memory)
Supporting evidence for MSM:
- Much supporting evidence for the Short-term Acoustically 7±2 Potentially Through Sequenti
infinite, as
different types of stores e.g., Miller and memory and verbally 'chunks'
long as
displace al search
of ment
difference in capacity rehearsal
informati uninterrup
- Brown and Peterson showed without on ted,
rehearsal, memories of trigrams only (Miller) otherwise
a few
retained for short period of time seconds
- Cuntiz and Glanzer showed primary and
recency effect
Opposing evidence for MSM: Long-term Encoded Unlimited Potentiall Through Semantic
- Cases of brain damaged people have memory semantically y interfere or
, and unlimite nce temporal
shown that LTM is not affected in a temporally d search
uniformed way (Bahrick
- The model is oversimplistic, does not 48 years
later)
expand on the STM or LTM
- Much of the supporting evidence comes
, Working Memory Model (Baddeley and
Hitch)
The Working Memory Model developed the STM, it was divided into
different areas
- Central executive – Drives the whole system, allocates data to the
subsystems, also deals with cognitive tasks such as arithmetic and
problem solving
- The Phonological Loop, deals with spoken and written material, the
phonological store acts as an inner ear and holds information in a
speech-based form, the articulatory control process acts like an
inner voice rehearsing information round like a tape loop, it
converts written material into an articulatory control
- The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad, acts as an inner eye, dealing with
visual and spatial information, it helps us keep track of where we
Strengths of the WMM:
are in relation to other objects and displays and manipulates visual
- The WMM explains a lot more than the MSM, it helps to explain things like verbal reasoning, problem
and spatial information held in the LTM
solving and more
- The KF case study supports the WMM, KF suffered brain damage, yet his memory for visual
information was largely unaffected
- WMM is supported by dual task studies such as Baddeley and Hitch
Weaknesses of the WMM:
- The WMM only includes information about the STM, not the LTM or the SM
- Lieberman criticises the WMM as the VSS implies that all spatial information was first visual, yet
there are blind people who have excellent spatial awareness
