Controlled assessment notes
1.1 and 1.2
Moral crimes
A moral crime involves someone committing an act against social norms or the existing
moral code. This could involve someone providing services which are illegal like drug dealing
but also involve a person going to purchase the illegal goods. Another example is being
homeless, such as vagrancy or begging, which is sometimes unavoidable due to the persons
personal circumstances.
Typical Victims
Moral crimes are usually classed as victimless, as they involve consenting adults or
participants in the crime during drug dealing or prostitution for example. In certain
circumstances, underage smokers or drinkers may be seen as victims as they cannot be seen
under the law as consenting adults.
Typical Offenders
Typical offenders usually include drug dealers, prostitutes, drug users, underage smokers or
drinkers and homeless people. Sometimes, for example homeless people, are forced into
offending as they financially cannot afford somewhere to sleep. Drug dealers or prostitutes
may offend on their day to day lives, just to make money.
Level of public awareness
The level of public awareness is typically low as the victim is usually a participant in the
criminal act, meaning they are much less likely to report it. These crimes are often seen as
minor, so there is a limited amount of media coverage showing moral crimes to the public.
Case study
Kay Gilderdale was given a conditional discharge for assisting the suicide of her daughter.
This is an example of a moral crime as assisted suicide is against the criminal law but often
seen as a minor crime as it doesn’t intend to hurt anyone who doesn’t consent to
participating in the crime. Gilderdale was charged with attempted murder in 2009 but was
cleared in 2010.
Criminal or Deviant?
All moral crimes are criminal as they are against the criminal law. But they are mostly
deviant as they violate social norms and possibly put underage people in danger with drugs
and alcohol.
,Why does moral crime go unreported?
A personal reason why moral crime goes unreported is disinterest in the crime. Someone
may see underage drinkers but due to the limited severity of the crime, they may decide not
to report it. A social/cultural reason why moral crime goes unreported is lack of public
concern. This is because someone may see a person smoking cannabis but choose not to
report it as they see it as harmless.
White Collar crime
A white collar crime involves a person with a lot of power or authority, abusing their power
to commit or get away with committing a crime. These crimes possibly involve fraud,
avoiding paying tax, disobeying health and safety laws or polluting the environment.
Typical Victims
White collar crime involves a broad amount of victims. Depending on which crime
committed, employees could be victims as they could be forced to work in dangerous
conditions or experience assaults such as sexual, physical or discrimination. Consumers
could be at risk by buying false or dangerous goods from a corrupt company, or the public
could be at danger to pollution released by the offenders, or even toxic waste.
Typical Offenders
Offenders usually involve people who have a high authority or respectability with the public.
This could be a CEO of a business, lawyers or maybe accountants. The offenders could
commit a corporate crime, which is a company committing a crime to increase profits, or a
professional crime where an professional commits a crime for their own gain.
Level of public awareness
The level of public awareness is typically low as the victims are less likely to report due to
the offender having a high status. The offenders authority and power also means they are
less likely to be suspected or even prosecuted. There is a low amount of media coverage of
white collar crimes as their crimes are usually labelled as minor breaches rather than actual
crimes.
Case study
A case study that involves white collar crime is Al Capones tax evasion. Capone evaded
$215,000 worth of taxes, which led to him being sentenced to 11 years in prison. This is an
example of a white collar crime as he used his popularity and authority to avoid paying his
taxes.
Criminal or deviant?
White collar crime is always seen as criminal as it goes against the law. It is definitely seen as
deviant as it involves a betrayal of trust and an abuse of the offenders power which
increases the publics unsafety.
, Why does white collar crime go unreported?
A personal reason why white collar crime goes unreported is fear. This is due to the high
authority and power of the offender, meaning the victim may be afraid they could be
blackmailed or financially harmed. A social/cultural reason why white collar crime goes
unreported is lack of media interest. This is because the media doesn’t often cover white
collar crimes as they aren’t as exciting as murder for example, so the public becomes
unaware of how serious it is and when to report it.
State crime
A state crime is a crime committed by agencies ran by a state or other groups committing a
crime on the behalf and backing of the state. These crimes usually involve the abuse of
human rights for example, torturing citizens or political opponents, mass genocide, police
being brutal towards citizens and violating laws of war.
Typical victims
Usual victims of state crime are the citizens of the state or foreign states, which often
include groups of ethnic minority or the political opponents of the state.
Typical offenders
Offenders of state crime are usually police officers committing police brutality, military who
commit war crimes or torture, people involved in politics and any civil servants of the state.
Some offenders can be supporters of the state government who act on their behalf.
Level of public awareness
The level of public awareness is typically high due to the large scale of state crimes, which
usually ends in media coverage being high. But the power of the state can sometimes lead to
crimes being covered up or the state justifies their crimes by changing laws.
Case study
A case study that involves state crime is the Abu Ghraib torture. At the Abu Ghraib prison,
US military tortured prisoners physically and mentally, even leading to a death of a prisoner.
Many of the soldiers were given minor sentences, including fines and discharges from their
military placements. This is an example of a state crime as the US officers and CIA used the
power they were given by the US state to torture the prisoners.
1.1 and 1.2
Moral crimes
A moral crime involves someone committing an act against social norms or the existing
moral code. This could involve someone providing services which are illegal like drug dealing
but also involve a person going to purchase the illegal goods. Another example is being
homeless, such as vagrancy or begging, which is sometimes unavoidable due to the persons
personal circumstances.
Typical Victims
Moral crimes are usually classed as victimless, as they involve consenting adults or
participants in the crime during drug dealing or prostitution for example. In certain
circumstances, underage smokers or drinkers may be seen as victims as they cannot be seen
under the law as consenting adults.
Typical Offenders
Typical offenders usually include drug dealers, prostitutes, drug users, underage smokers or
drinkers and homeless people. Sometimes, for example homeless people, are forced into
offending as they financially cannot afford somewhere to sleep. Drug dealers or prostitutes
may offend on their day to day lives, just to make money.
Level of public awareness
The level of public awareness is typically low as the victim is usually a participant in the
criminal act, meaning they are much less likely to report it. These crimes are often seen as
minor, so there is a limited amount of media coverage showing moral crimes to the public.
Case study
Kay Gilderdale was given a conditional discharge for assisting the suicide of her daughter.
This is an example of a moral crime as assisted suicide is against the criminal law but often
seen as a minor crime as it doesn’t intend to hurt anyone who doesn’t consent to
participating in the crime. Gilderdale was charged with attempted murder in 2009 but was
cleared in 2010.
Criminal or Deviant?
All moral crimes are criminal as they are against the criminal law. But they are mostly
deviant as they violate social norms and possibly put underage people in danger with drugs
and alcohol.
,Why does moral crime go unreported?
A personal reason why moral crime goes unreported is disinterest in the crime. Someone
may see underage drinkers but due to the limited severity of the crime, they may decide not
to report it. A social/cultural reason why moral crime goes unreported is lack of public
concern. This is because someone may see a person smoking cannabis but choose not to
report it as they see it as harmless.
White Collar crime
A white collar crime involves a person with a lot of power or authority, abusing their power
to commit or get away with committing a crime. These crimes possibly involve fraud,
avoiding paying tax, disobeying health and safety laws or polluting the environment.
Typical Victims
White collar crime involves a broad amount of victims. Depending on which crime
committed, employees could be victims as they could be forced to work in dangerous
conditions or experience assaults such as sexual, physical or discrimination. Consumers
could be at risk by buying false or dangerous goods from a corrupt company, or the public
could be at danger to pollution released by the offenders, or even toxic waste.
Typical Offenders
Offenders usually involve people who have a high authority or respectability with the public.
This could be a CEO of a business, lawyers or maybe accountants. The offenders could
commit a corporate crime, which is a company committing a crime to increase profits, or a
professional crime where an professional commits a crime for their own gain.
Level of public awareness
The level of public awareness is typically low as the victims are less likely to report due to
the offender having a high status. The offenders authority and power also means they are
less likely to be suspected or even prosecuted. There is a low amount of media coverage of
white collar crimes as their crimes are usually labelled as minor breaches rather than actual
crimes.
Case study
A case study that involves white collar crime is Al Capones tax evasion. Capone evaded
$215,000 worth of taxes, which led to him being sentenced to 11 years in prison. This is an
example of a white collar crime as he used his popularity and authority to avoid paying his
taxes.
Criminal or deviant?
White collar crime is always seen as criminal as it goes against the law. It is definitely seen as
deviant as it involves a betrayal of trust and an abuse of the offenders power which
increases the publics unsafety.
, Why does white collar crime go unreported?
A personal reason why white collar crime goes unreported is fear. This is due to the high
authority and power of the offender, meaning the victim may be afraid they could be
blackmailed or financially harmed. A social/cultural reason why white collar crime goes
unreported is lack of media interest. This is because the media doesn’t often cover white
collar crimes as they aren’t as exciting as murder for example, so the public becomes
unaware of how serious it is and when to report it.
State crime
A state crime is a crime committed by agencies ran by a state or other groups committing a
crime on the behalf and backing of the state. These crimes usually involve the abuse of
human rights for example, torturing citizens or political opponents, mass genocide, police
being brutal towards citizens and violating laws of war.
Typical victims
Usual victims of state crime are the citizens of the state or foreign states, which often
include groups of ethnic minority or the political opponents of the state.
Typical offenders
Offenders of state crime are usually police officers committing police brutality, military who
commit war crimes or torture, people involved in politics and any civil servants of the state.
Some offenders can be supporters of the state government who act on their behalf.
Level of public awareness
The level of public awareness is typically high due to the large scale of state crimes, which
usually ends in media coverage being high. But the power of the state can sometimes lead to
crimes being covered up or the state justifies their crimes by changing laws.
Case study
A case study that involves state crime is the Abu Ghraib torture. At the Abu Ghraib prison,
US military tortured prisoners physically and mentally, even leading to a death of a prisoner.
Many of the soldiers were given minor sentences, including fines and discharges from their
military placements. This is an example of a state crime as the US officers and CIA used the
power they were given by the US state to torture the prisoners.
