basal cell carcinoma - ANSWER-Starts in stratum basale; slow growing; least leathal
compared to squamous and melanoma
Squamous cell carcinoma - ANSWER-Starts in stratum spinosum
Melanoma - ANSWER-Starts in melanocyte; might start as a mole; often will
metastasize; worst in terms of lethality
epiphyseal growth plate (5 zones) - ANSWER-*1. Hyaline Cartilage*
*2. Proliferation* (Hyperplasia: cell #'s increase)
*3. Hypertrophy* (Hypertrophy: size goes up)
*4. Calcification* (Apoptosis, cells will die, but hydroxyapatite will stay)
*5. Ossification* (New diaphysis)
When epiphyseal plate is no longer causing growth it is termed epiphyseal line
Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid - ANSWER-Interstitium: space between cells
Interstitial Fluid: fluid in between cells
Hydroxyapatite - ANSWER-Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
Inorganic supporting connective bone tissue (calcium and phosphate)
- secreted after collagen
Bone compression and tensile strength - ANSWER-Bone compression: break in bone
that causes bone to collapse
Tensile strength: Greatest force a substance can bear without tearing
osteoblasts vs osteoclasts vs osteocytes - ANSWER-Osteoblasts: build bone matrix
, Osteocytes: are mature bone cells
Osteoclasts: breakdown bone cells
7-10% of your bones remodel every year
What happens to blood Ca++ levels when the osteoblasts are active?? Same for
osteoclasts? - ANSWER-When osteoblasts are inhibited blood Ca++ levels increase
(PTH, Calcitriol)
When osteoclasts are inhibited blood Ca++ levels decrease (Calcitonin, Estrogen)
What are the hormones associated with bone remodeling? - ANSWER-1. Calcitonin
2. PTH
3. Calcitriol
4. Estrogen
How can you recognize an osteoclasts?? What acid does an Osteoclasts secrete?? -
ANSWER-An osteoclast is multinucleated
Osteoclasts secrete hydrochloric acid
Canaliculi - ANSWER-Facilitate nutrient, gas and waste exchange with the blood
Lacunae - ANSWER-house osteocytes
central canal (haversian canal) - ANSWER-Center of osteon, contains blood vessels
and nerves
Volkmann canals - ANSWER-Run perpendicular to the haversian canals to interconnect
them
Concentric lamellae - ANSWER-Rings of calcified matrix that surround the osteon
Is human skull (cranial bones) fused at parturition? Why or why not? What IS
parturition?? - ANSWER-Parturition is childbirth
The human skull is not fused at child birth, rather it consists of fontanelles or soft spots
in a newborns cranium (anywhere from 2-6 depending on age and how they are
counted)
Fontanelles allow for contortion
PGF2 and parturition as well as other elements - ANSWER-Prostaglandin F2 Alpha
1.) C.L —> E2 and P4 (regression of cycle)
2.) Increase skeletal muscle —> growth/repair —> skeletal muscle —> hypertrophy
Chondroblasts - ANSWER-Form cartilage
- located in perichondrium, which surrounds developing bone.
Hypertrophy vs. hyperplasia vs. atrophy - ANSWER-Hypertrophy: increase in muscle
fiber size
Hyperplasia: increase in number of muscle fibers
Atrophy: decrease in muscle size, due to the lack of use
synovial fluid and hyaluronic acid - ANSWER-Found in synovial membranes, which line
freely moveable joints
compared to squamous and melanoma
Squamous cell carcinoma - ANSWER-Starts in stratum spinosum
Melanoma - ANSWER-Starts in melanocyte; might start as a mole; often will
metastasize; worst in terms of lethality
epiphyseal growth plate (5 zones) - ANSWER-*1. Hyaline Cartilage*
*2. Proliferation* (Hyperplasia: cell #'s increase)
*3. Hypertrophy* (Hypertrophy: size goes up)
*4. Calcification* (Apoptosis, cells will die, but hydroxyapatite will stay)
*5. Ossification* (New diaphysis)
When epiphyseal plate is no longer causing growth it is termed epiphyseal line
Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid - ANSWER-Interstitium: space between cells
Interstitial Fluid: fluid in between cells
Hydroxyapatite - ANSWER-Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
Inorganic supporting connective bone tissue (calcium and phosphate)
- secreted after collagen
Bone compression and tensile strength - ANSWER-Bone compression: break in bone
that causes bone to collapse
Tensile strength: Greatest force a substance can bear without tearing
osteoblasts vs osteoclasts vs osteocytes - ANSWER-Osteoblasts: build bone matrix
, Osteocytes: are mature bone cells
Osteoclasts: breakdown bone cells
7-10% of your bones remodel every year
What happens to blood Ca++ levels when the osteoblasts are active?? Same for
osteoclasts? - ANSWER-When osteoblasts are inhibited blood Ca++ levels increase
(PTH, Calcitriol)
When osteoclasts are inhibited blood Ca++ levels decrease (Calcitonin, Estrogen)
What are the hormones associated with bone remodeling? - ANSWER-1. Calcitonin
2. PTH
3. Calcitriol
4. Estrogen
How can you recognize an osteoclasts?? What acid does an Osteoclasts secrete?? -
ANSWER-An osteoclast is multinucleated
Osteoclasts secrete hydrochloric acid
Canaliculi - ANSWER-Facilitate nutrient, gas and waste exchange with the blood
Lacunae - ANSWER-house osteocytes
central canal (haversian canal) - ANSWER-Center of osteon, contains blood vessels
and nerves
Volkmann canals - ANSWER-Run perpendicular to the haversian canals to interconnect
them
Concentric lamellae - ANSWER-Rings of calcified matrix that surround the osteon
Is human skull (cranial bones) fused at parturition? Why or why not? What IS
parturition?? - ANSWER-Parturition is childbirth
The human skull is not fused at child birth, rather it consists of fontanelles or soft spots
in a newborns cranium (anywhere from 2-6 depending on age and how they are
counted)
Fontanelles allow for contortion
PGF2 and parturition as well as other elements - ANSWER-Prostaglandin F2 Alpha
1.) C.L —> E2 and P4 (regression of cycle)
2.) Increase skeletal muscle —> growth/repair —> skeletal muscle —> hypertrophy
Chondroblasts - ANSWER-Form cartilage
- located in perichondrium, which surrounds developing bone.
Hypertrophy vs. hyperplasia vs. atrophy - ANSWER-Hypertrophy: increase in muscle
fiber size
Hyperplasia: increase in number of muscle fibers
Atrophy: decrease in muscle size, due to the lack of use
synovial fluid and hyaluronic acid - ANSWER-Found in synovial membranes, which line
freely moveable joints
