BIO 132 Exam 2 Newest Exam with Complete Questions and Correct Answers with Rationales | Already Graded A+||Brand New Version!!

BIO 132 Exam 2 Newest Exam with Complete Questions and Correct Answers with Rationales | Already Graded A+||Brand New Version!! List the main structures of the cardiovascular system. - Answer- The heart and blood vessels **Finish the rest of Ch. 5 sg.* - Answer- List the functions of the cardiovascular system - Answer- 1. Contractions of the heart make blood pressure, which is what moves the blood through the blood vessels. 2. Blood vessels transport the blood from the heart to the arteries, capillaries, and the veins, which then returns the blood back to the heart. 3. Gas exchange (i.e., CO2 and O2) occurs at the capillaries 4. The heart and blood vessels regulate blood flow according to the needs of the body. Describe how the lymphatic system assists the cardiovascular system. - Answer- It collects access tissue fluid and returns it to the cardiovascular system. Describe the structure and function of arteries - Answer- Arteries and arterioles take blood from the heart. The inner layer is a simple squamous epithelium, the middle layer is smooth muscle that can constrict to regulate blood flow and blood pressure, and the outer layer is connective tissue that helps hold the vessels in place. Describe the structure and function of capillaries - Answer- Capillaries have walls that are only one cell thick. They allow an exchange of substances with tissue fluids. Not all capillaries are open at the same time, though. The contraction of a sphincter muscle called a Precapillary Sphincter closes off the bed, which makes the blood flow through an arteriovenous shunt that bypasses the capillary beds. Describe the structure and function of veins - Answer- Veins return blood to the heart, with the help of venules. They have much less smooth muscle and connective tissue than arteries have, and they often have valves that prevent the backward flow of blood when they are closed. Explain how blood flow may pass certain capillary beds - Answer- Not all capillaries are open at any given moment. They can be closed off by a ring of muscle called a Precapillary Sphincter, which causes the blood to flow through a pathway called an *Arteriovenous Shunt*, which connects the arteries to the veins. Describe external heart anatomy - Answer- The heart is about the size of your fist with your other hand clasped over it. The interior wall of the heart is a tissue called *Myocardium*, which consists manly of cardiac muscle tissue. These muscle fibers are branched, and are tightly joined to neighboring fibers by structures called *intercalated disks*, which are made up of cell junctions like *Gap Junctions* and *Desmosomes* Gap Junctions aid in the simultaneous contraction of the heart, and Desmosomes include arrangements of protein fibers that tightly hold the membranes of adjacent cells together, which prevent overstretching. The entire heart is surrounded by a thick membranous sack called the *Pericardium*, which supports and protects the heart. The *septum* separates the right and left sides of the heart. Each side has an atrium and a ventricle and a number of valves. The *Atrioventricular Valves (AV)* are in between the atria and ventricles, and are supported by *Chordae Tendinae*. The AV valve on the right is called the *tricuspid valve*, and the one on the left is called the *bicuspid valve*, or *mitral valve*. There are also *semilunar valves* that are in between the ventricles and their attached vessels (i.e., pulmonary, aorta). Trace the path of blood flow through the heart - Answer- ~Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava brings de-oxygenated blood to the right atrium ~Right atrium contracts and sends the blood through the tricuspid valve to the left atrium (with the left atrium contracting at the same time) ~Right ventricle contracts, and blood goes through the pulmonary semilunar valve, and the pulmonary trunk divides into two pulmonary arteries to the lungs ~Pulmonary capillaries in the lungs allow gas exchange ~Four *pulmonary veins* carry oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium ~Left atrium pumps blood through the bicuspid/mitral valve to the left ventricle ~Left ventricle contracts, sending blood through the aortic semilunar valve to the aorta (with the right ventricle contracting at the same time) ~Large arteries - smaller arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - superior or inferior vena cava - heart **Explain the stages in the cardiac cycle* - Answer- **And don't forget the rest of the chapter 5 Study Guide** List the waves found in the electrocardiogram and what they represent - Answer- An ECG is a recording of the electrical changes that occur in myocardium during a cardiac cycle. The letters are PQRST P stands for the contraction of the atria Q,R,S stand for the contraction of the ventricles T stands for the recovery/relaxation of the ventricles. Describe the functions of blood - Answer- Describe the composition of blood - Answer- It is a connective tissue that contains cells and cell fragments in a liquid called plasma. Formed elements include RBC, WBC, and Platelets Plasma is the liquid portion of blood mostly made up of water (92%). It also contains salts, small organic molecules, hormones and plasma proteins. These plasma proteins include Albumin, Globulin, and Fibrinogen. What is albumin? - Answer- A plasma protein. It is the most abundant one and contribute to plasma's osmotic pressure. They also help with the transportation of other organic molecules. What is Globulin? - Answer- A plasma protein, which is divided into Alpha, Beta, and Gamma. Alpha and Beta globulin function with transport. Gamma globulins function with immunity. What is Fibrinogen? - Answer- A plasma protein that is (with others) involved in blood clotting. **Finish the rest of ch. 6 sg.* - Answer- Okee-dokee How many red blood cells are in a single drop of blood? - Answer- About 5 million How does the structure of hemoglobin allow it to carry oxygen? - Answer- Each hemoglobin has four globin proteins and four ion-containing hemo groups. Oxygen atoms connect to the heme particles, and the CO2 connects to the iron particles in the center of the heme. **Describe the three ways that oxygen is transported by blood - Answer- What is the life cycle of red blood cells? - Answer- They are made and mature in Red Bone Marrow. When they are mature they no longer have a nucleus and get hemoglobin. They live for about 120 days, and are then phagocytized by macrophages/WBC in the liver and spleen. What is erythropoieten (EPO)? - Answer- A hormone released by the kidney when there is low oxygen which stimulates the multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow to make more erythrocytes (RBCs). How does blood transport Carbon Dioxide? - Answer- 25% of it is transported on the globin molecules of Hemoglobin; 7% dissolves into the plasma; the remaining 68% is changed into bicarbonate ions (HCO3) and transported in the plasma.